Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

they came from far and wide

Толкование Перевод

1 far

far [fɑ:(r)]

loin ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) beaucoup ⇒ 1 (c) lointain ⇒ 2 (a) éloigné ⇒ 2 (a) autre ⇒ 2 (b) extrême ⇒ 2 (c)

(compar farther ['fɑ:ðə(r)] or further ['fɜ:ðə(r)], superl farthest ['fɑ:ðɪst] or furthest ['fɜ:ðɪst])

1 adverb

(a) (distant in space) loin;

∎ is it far? est-ce (que c'est) loin?;

∎ how far is it to town? combien y a-t-il jusqu'à la ville?;

∎ how far is he going? jusqu'où va-t-il?;

∎ have you come far? êtes-vous venu de loin?;

∎ the police are looking for them, they won't get very far la police est à leur recherche, ils n'iront pas très loin;

∎ he went as far north as Alaska il est allé au nord jusqu'en Alaska;

∎ far away or off in the distance au loin, dans le lointain;

∎ he doesn't live far away or off il n'habite pas loin;

∎ it isn't far from the station ce n'est pas loin de la gare;

∎ far above/below loin au-dessus/au-dessous;

∎ far beyond bien au-delà;

∎ far out at sea en pleine mer;

∎ figurative his thoughts are far away son esprit est ailleurs;

∎ his work is far above the others' son travail est de loin supérieur à celui des autres;

∎ that's far beyond me (physically) c'est bien au-dessus de mes forces; (intellectually) ça me dépasse;

∎ how far can you trust him? jusqu'à quel point peut-on lui faire confiance?;

∎ how far (on) are you in the book? où en es-tu dans le livre?;

∎ how far have you got with the translation? où en es-tu de la traduction?;

∎ far and wide de tous côtés;

∎ they came from far and wide ils sont venus de partout;

∎ he travels far and wide il court le monde;

∎ they searched far and wide for a suitable site ils ont cherché partout un emplacement convenable;

∎ far be it from me to interfere! loin de moi l'idée d'intervenir!;

∎ to be British far out or American far off (person) se tromper complètement; (report, survey) être complètement erroné; (guess) être loin du compte;

∎ he's not far off or wrong il n'a pas tout à fait tort;

∎ she's not far off being finished elle n'est pas loin d'avoir fini;

∎ to carry or to take sth too far pousser qch trop loin;

∎ have you got far to go? avez-vous encore beaucoup de chemin à faire?; figurative êtes-vous loin du but?;

∎ you won't get far with that attitude vous n'irez pas loin avec ce genre de comportement;

∎ sincerity won't get you very far la sincérité ne vous mènera pas loin;

∎ literary far from the madding crowd loin de la foule et du bruit

(b) (distant in time) loin;

∎ as far back as 1800 déjà en 1800, dès 1800;

∎ as far back as I can remember aussi loin que je m'en souvienne;

∎ I can't look far beyond August je ne sais pas ce qui se passera après le mois d'août;

∎ she worked far into the night elle a travaillé très avant ou jusque tard dans la nuit;

∎ don't look so far into the future ne vous préoccupez pas de ce qui se passera dans un avenir aussi lointain;

∎ the holidays aren't far off les vacances ne sont plus loin ou approchent;

∎ he's not far off sixty il n'a pas loin de la soixantaine

(c) (with comparatives) (much) beaucoup, bien;

∎ this is far better c'est beaucoup ou bien mieux;

∎ a far greater problem un problème bien ou autrement ou beaucoup plus grave;

∎ she is far more intelligent than I am elle est bien ou beaucoup plus intelligente que moi

(d) (idioms)

∎ to go far (person, idea) aller loin, faire son chemin;

∎ this has gone far enough trop, c'est trop;

∎ his policy doesn't go far enough sa politique ne va pas assez loin;

∎ I would even go so far as to say… j'irais même jusqu'à dire…, je dirais même…;

∎ he went so far as to claim that… il est allé jusqu'à prétendre que…;

∎ I wouldn't go so far as to say he's lying je n'irais pas jusqu'à dire qu'il ment;

∎ things went so far that… les choses sont allées si loin que…;

∎ to go too far (exaggerate) dépasser les bornes, exagérer;

∎ you're going too far! vous exagérez!;

∎ that's going too far cela passe la mesure;

∎ she's gone too far to back out elle s'est trop engagée pour reculer;

∎ this goes quite far towards solving the problem on approche d'une solution;

∎ £5 doesn't go far nowadays on ne va pas loin avec 5 livres de nos jours

2 adjective

(a) (distant) lointain, éloigné; (remote) éloigné;

∎ in the far distance tout au loin;

∎ it's a far cry from what she expected ce n'est pas du tout ou c'est loin de ce qu'elle attendait

(b) (more distant) autre, plus éloigné;

∎ on the far side de l'autre côté;

∎ the far end of l'autre bout de, l'extrémité de;

∎ at the far end of the room au fond de la salle

(c) (extreme) extrême;

∎ the far north l'extrême nord m;

∎ Politics the far left/right l'extrême gauche f /droite f

3 as far as

1 preposition

jusqu'à;

∎ I'll walk with you as far as the end of the lane je vais vous accompagner jusqu'au bout du chemin

2 conjunction

(a) (distance)

∎ as far as the eye can see à perte de vue;

∎ that's fine as far as it goes c'est très bien, jusqu'à un certain point

(b) (to the extent that) autant que;

∎ as far as possible autant que possible, dans la mesure du possible;

∎ as far as I can dans la mesure de mon possible;

∎ as far as I can judge (pour) autant que je puisse (en) juger;

∎ as far as I know (pour) autant que je sache;

∎ as far as she's/I'm concerned en ce qui la/me concerne, pour sa/ma part;

∎ as far as money goes or is concerned pour ce qui est de l'argent

4 by far adverb

de loin, de beaucoup;

∎ she's by far the cleverest or the cleverest by far c'est de loin ou de beaucoup la plus intelligente

5 far and away adverb

de loin

6 far from

1 adverb

(not at all) loin de;

∎ far from clean loin d'être propre;

∎ the report was far from complimentary le rapport était loin d'être flatteur;

∎ I'm far from approving of all he does je suis loin d'approuver tout ce qu'il fait;

∎ he's not rich, far from it il n'est pas riche, loin de là ou tant s'en faut

2 preposition

(rather than) loin de;

∎ far from being generous, he is rather stingy loin d'être généreux, il est plutôt radin;

∎ far from improving, the situation got worse loin de s'améliorer, les choses ont empiré

7 in so far as conjunction

dans la mesure où

8 so far adverb

jusqu'ici, jusqu'à présent;

∎ so far this month depuis le début du mois;

∎ so far so good jusqu'ici ça va;

∎ have you seen him? - not so far l'avez-vous vu? - pas encore;

∎ the story so far ≃ résumé m des chapitres précédents

9 so far as = as far as conjunction

►► the Far East l'Extrême-Orient m;

the Far North le Grand Nord;

the Far South l'Antarctique m

✾ Book ✾ Film 'Far from the Madding Crowd' Hardy, Schlesinger 'Loin de la foule insensée'

✾ Book 'How far can you go?' Lodge 'Jeux de maux'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > far
2 far

1. adverb
1) (indicating distance, progress etc: How far is it from here to his house?) fjernt, langt

2) (at or to a long way away: She went far away/off.) langt borte/ute/oppe

3) (very much: She was a far better swimmer than her friend (was).) mye
2. adjective
1) (distant; a long way away: a far country.) fjern

2) (more distant (usually of two things): He lives on the far side of the lake.) bortest, fjernest

•

- farther
- farthest
- faraway
- far-fetched
- as far as
- by far
- far and away
- far from
- so far

fjern
--------
lang
--------
langt
--------
vid

I
adj. \/fɑː\/

1) fjern, langt borte

• in far countries

• in the far north

lengst i nord

2) fjernest(e), bortest(e), bortre

• the far end of the room

ved borteste enden av rommet

• the far left

ytterste venstre

• the far side

andre siden

3) lang

• a far journey

far out ( hverdagslig) råkul, dritbra

• wow, this music is far out man!

oj, denne musikken er jo dritbra!

( vanskelig) teoretisk, vanskelig, noe som ligger for høyt for en

• that article on post-structuralism was too far out for me

den artikkelen om poststrukturalisme lå altfor høyt for meg
II
adv. ( farther - farthest eller further - furthest) \/fɑː\/

1) langt, langt borte, fjernt

• how far is it from here to London?

hvor langt er det herfra til London?

• he cannot be far

han kan ikke være langt borte

2) vidt, langt, mye

• this is far the most useful

• far too much

aldeles for mye

as far as (prep.) (så langt som) til, like til

• as far as the station

(konj.) så vidt, så langt

• as far as I know

be far from (being) være langtfra, være alt annet enn

be far off være helt på jordet, ta feil

by far betydelig, i høy grad, mye, langt

• this is better by far

• by far the best

far and away i stor grad, absolutt, veldig mye

• far and away the best

den klart beste

far and near fjern og nær

• they came from far and near

overalt

• they searched for it far and near

far and wide høyt og lavt, overalt, vidt omkring

far be it from me to... eller far be it for me to det er absolutt ikke min hensikt å..., jeg vil på ingen måte...

far from it langt derifra, tvertom, slett ikke

far gone langt fremskreden, langt på vei alvorlig syk, døden nær, døende helt utmattet

few and far between sjelden, få, langt imellom

go far nå langt, oppnå mye bidra sterkt, rekke langt

not by far ikke på langt nær

so far så langt, hittil

(in) so far as i den grad, så langt som, i det omfang

• she lowered herself so far as to beg for money

i den grad at hun tagg om penger

so far away as så langt unna som

so far so good så langt er alt godt

English-Norwegian dictionary > far
3 far

I [faː] adj
(сравнительная и превосходная степени farther ['faːðœ̃ə], farthest ['faːðœ̃ɪst] и further ['fəːðœ̃ə], furthest ['fəːðœ̃ɪst]) дальний, далёкий

She moved to the far end of the bed to make room. — Она подвинулась в кровати, чтобы дать (ему) место.

They lived in a little village in the far north of Scotland. — Они в маленькой деревушке далеко на севере Шотландии.

- Far East
- far left
- far north
- further to our discussion
- far cry from what imagined
- far end of the table
- far corner of the room
USAGE:

(1.) Английское прилагательное far употребляется, как правило, в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях и относится, главнымобразом, к расстоянию. Русское прилагательное "далекий, дальний" передается в английском языке прилагательным distant: a distant country (village, town, relative) далекая страна (дальняя деревня, дальний родственник). (2.) Прилагательное further употребляется в значении "дальнейший, дополнительный" (further в этом значении не употребляется): There has been no further news. Других новостей не было
II [faː]
(сравнительная и превосходная степени см. far 2.)

1) далеко

We don't have far to go. — Нам идти недалеко.

He will go far. — Он далеко пойдет. /Он много достигнет.

People came from far and wide to see the show. — Люди съехались отовсюду/со всех сторон/со всех концов страны/издалека на это представление.

I think that the papers are not far off the mark. — Мне кажется, что газеты не далеки от истины/правды.

- from far and wide co
- live not far
- live not far from here
- go too far
- not to go far
- go as far as to say smth
- far away from smth
- far above smth
- as far as I know
- as far as I am concerned

- so far so good

2) (обыкновенно в сравнительных оборотах как усилитель) намного, значительно

- far better
- far more difficult
- far in advance
- go as far back as 1248
•

USAGE:

(1.) Наречие far 1. обычно употребляется в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях: how far did you walk? сколько вы прошли?; he doesn't live far from the center он живет недалеко от центра. В утвердительных предложениях вместо far предпочтительнее использовать выражение a long way (from): he walked a long way он много прошел пешком; we live a long way from the station мы живем далеко от вокзала. (2.) Наречие far 2. используется как усилитель прилагательных в сравнительной степени: I knew it far better than anyone я знал это гораздо лучше кого-либо. (3.) For far 1.; See behind, adv

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > far
4 far

1. adverb,
farther, further; farthest, furthest

1) (in space) weit

far away — weit entfernt

far [away] from — weit entfernt von

see something from far away — etwas aus der Ferne sehen

I won't be far away — ich werde ganz in der Nähe sein

far above/below — hoch über/tief unter (+ Dat.); adverb hoch oben/tief unten

fly as far as Munich — bis [nach] München fliegen

far and wide — weit und breit

from far and near or wide — von fern und nah

2) (in time) weit

far into the night — bis spät od. tief in die Nacht

as far back as I can remember — soweit ich zurückdenken kann

3) (by much) weit

far too — viel zu

far longer/ better — weit[aus] länger/besser

4) (fig.)

as far as — (to whatever extent, to the extent of) so weit [wie]

I haven't got as far as phoning her — ich bin noch nicht dazu gekommen, sie anzurufen

not as far as I know — nicht, dass ich wüsste

as far as I remember/know — soweit ich mich erinnere/weiß

go so far as to do something — so weit gehen und etwas tun

in so far as — insofern od. insoweit als

so far — (until now) bisher

so far so good — so weit, so gut

by far — bei weitem

better by far — weitaus besser

far from easy/good — alles andere als leicht/gut

far from it! — ganz im Gegenteil!

go too far — zu weit gehen

carry or take something too far — etwas zu weit treiben
2. adjective,
farther, further; farthest, furthest

1) (remote) weit entfernt; (remote in time) fern

in the far distance — in weiter Ferne

2) (more remote) weiter entfernt

the far bank of the river/side of the road — das andere Flussufer/die andere Straßenseite

* * *
1. adverb
1) (indicating distance, progress etc: How far is it from here to his house?) weit

2) (at or to a long way away: She went far away/off.) weit

3) (very much: She was a far better swimmer than her friend (was).) weit
2. adjective
1) (distant; a long way away: a far country.) fern

2) (more distant (usually of two things): He lives on the far side of the lake.) entfernter

•

- academic.ru/26511/farther">farther
- farthest
- faraway
- far-fetched
- as far as
- by far
- far and away
- far from
- so far
* * *

far

<farther or further, farthest or furthest>

[fɑ:ʳ, AM fɑ:r]

I. adv

1. (in place) weit

it's too \far to walk es ist zu weit zu Fuß

how much further is it? wie weit ist es denn noch?

he can't walk that \far er kann nicht so weit laufen

have you come very \far? kommen Sie von weit her?

do you have \far to travel to work? haben Sie es weit zu Ihrer Arbeitsstelle?

she doesn't live \far from here sie wohnt nicht weit von hier [entfernt]

his name is fairly \far down the list sein Name steht ziemlich weit unten auf der Liste

you can see how \far up the wall the water came during the flood man kann sehen, wie hoch das Wasser während der Flut an der Mauer stieg; ( liter)

a traveller from some \far distant land ein Reisender aus einem fernen Land

\far away in the distance in weiter Ferne

\far from home fern der Heimat

\far and wide weit und breit

from \far and wide [or near] aus Nah und Fern

2. (in time) weit

some time \far in the past/future irgendwann in ferner Vergangenheit/Zukunft

one day, perhaps \far in the future, you'll regret what you've done irgendwann einmal wirst du bereuen, was du getan hast

your birthday's not \far away bis zu deinem Geburtstag ist es nicht mehr lang

he's not \far off seventy er geht auf die siebzig zu

we're not \far off finishing now es dauert nicht mehr lange, und wir sind fertig

to work \far into the night bis spät in die Nacht hinein arbeiten

to plan further ahead weiter voraus planen

as \far back as:

as \far back as I can remember... so weit ich zurückdenken kann...

we warned you about this as \far back as 1977 wir haben Sie bereits 1977 davor gewarnt

it probably dates from as \far back as the end of the last century es geht wahrscheinlich sogar bis auf das Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts zurück

3. (in progress) weit

how \far have you got? — I'm on page 17 wie weit bist du? — ich bin jetzt auf Seite 17

how \far have you got with your new play? wie weit bist du mit deinem neuen Stück gekommen?

to not get very \far with [doing] sth mit etw dat nicht besonders weit kommen

to not get very \far with sb bei jdm nicht viel erreichen

she tried to talk him round, but she didn't get very \far with him sie versuchte ihn zu überreden, kam aber nicht sonderlich weit

4. inv (much) weit, viel

she was not sure how \far he was committed sie war sich nicht sicher, wie sehr er engagiert war

this is a claim too \far diese Forderung geht zu weit

\far better/nicer/warmer viel besser/netter/wärmer

\far more difficult viel schwieriger

\far too expensive viel zu teuer

by \far bei Weitem, mit Abstand

it would be better by \far to accept the offer es wäre sehr viel besser, das Angebot anzunehmen

5.

▶ as \far as (in place) bis

I can take you as \far as Bristol ich kann Sie bis Bristol mitnehmen

as \far as the eye can see so weit das Auge reicht; (in degree)

as \far as I can, I avoid using my car soweit es mir möglich ist, benutze ich mein Auto nicht

I use public transport as \far as possible ich benutze so oft wie möglich öffentliche Verkehrsmittel

as \far as I can see... so wie ich es beurteilen kann,...

he isn't coming today as \far as I know soweit ich weiß, kommt er heute nicht

as \far as I'm concerned... wenn es nach mir geht...

as \far as Bob is concerned, he's one hell of a nice fellow Bob? der ist ein wirklich netter Kerl!

he's a good mechanic, but that's as \far as it goes er ist ein guter Mechaniker, aber das ist auch alles

▶ \far and away mit Abstand, bei Weitem

your entry was \far and away the best dein Auftritt war einsame Spitze fam

▶ sb would \far do sth BRIT

I'd \far prefer to go with you ich würde viel lieber mit dir gehen

I'd \far rather stay at home ich würde viel lieber zu Hause bleiben

she'd \far sooner go on her own sie würde viel lieber allein gehen

▶ \far from sth:

we're \far from happy with the situation wir sind alles andere als zufrieden mit der Situation

\far from it! weit gefehlt

Jim selfish? \far from it! Jim egoistisch? alles nur das nicht!

▶ \far be it from [or for] me... es liegt mir fern...

\far be it from me to blame anyone, it was a total accident ich will unter keinen Umständen jemanden beschuldigen, es war ein Unfall

▶ to go too \far zu weit gehen

▶ to [not] go \far enough [nicht] weit genug gehen fig

stop it now, the joke has gone \far enough hör jetzt auf damit, man kann den Spaß auch zu weit treiben

▶ to go so \far as to do sth:

surely they wouldn't go so \far as to break in? sie würden doch sicher nicht so weit gehen und einen Einbruch wagen?

▶ sb will go \far jd wird es zu etwas bringen

▶ sth will go \far to sth etw wird entscheidend zu etw dat beitragen

▶ sth won't go very \far etw wird nicht lange vorhalten

a hundred pounds won't go very \far if you're going abroad for two weeks mit hundert Pfund kommt man nicht weit, wenn man zwei Wochen lang im Ausland ist

▶ \far gone (in a bad state) beschädigt; (advanced in time) fortgeschritten

▶ so \far so good ( saying) so weit, so gut

▶ so [or thus] \far (until now) bisher

so \far everything's been going according to plan so weit ist alles nach Plan gelaufen

any problems? — not so \far Probleme? — bis jetzt nicht; (to a limited extent)

I trust her only so \far ich traue ihr nicht so ganz

vitamins can protect you only so \far Vitamine bieten nur bedingt Schutz

▶ to not trust sb as \far as one could throw him/her jdm nicht über den Weg trauen

II. adj attr

1. (further away)

at the \far end of the room am anderen Ende des Raumes

the \far bank of the river das gegenüberliegende Ufer des Flusses

2. (extreme)

the \far left/right [of a party] die extreme Linke/Rechte [einer Partei]

3. (distant)

a \far country ( liter) ein fernes Land liter

in the \far distance in weiter Ferne

4.

▶ to be a \far cry from sth/sb mit etw/jdm nicht zu vergleichen sein

* * *
[fAː(r)] comp further, farther, superl furthest, farthest
1. adv

1) (in distance) weit

we don't live far or we live not far from here — wir wohnen nicht weit von hier

I'll go with you as far as the gate — ich begleite dich bis zum Tor

far and wide — weit und breit

from far and near or wide — von nah und fern

far above — hoch or weit über (+dat)

far away — weit entfernt or weg

I won't be far off or away — ich bin ganz in der Nähe

far away in the distance — weit in der Ferne

I was or my thoughts were far away —

far into the jungle — weit in den Dschungel hinein

far out — weit draußen

have you come far? — kommen Sie von weit her?

2)

(in time) as far back as I can remember — so weit ich (zurück)denken or mich erinnern kann

as far back as 1945 — schon (im Jahr) 1945

far into the night — bis spät in die Nacht

far into the future — bis weit in die Zukunft

3) (in degree, extent) weit

how far have you got with your plans? — wie weit sind Sie mit Ihren Plänen (gekommen)?

far longer/better — weit länger/besser

it's far beyond what I can afford — das übersteigt meine Mittel bei Weitem

4)

(in set phrases) as or so far as I'm concerned — was mich betrifft

it's all right as far as it goes — das ist so weit ganz gut

in so far as — insofern als

far and away the best, by far the best, the best by far — bei Weitem or mit Abstand der/die/das Beste

better by far — weit besser

far from satisfactory — alles andere als befriedigend

far from liking him I find him quite unpleasant — ich mag ihn nicht, ich finde ihn (im Gegenteil) sogar ausgesprochen unsympathisch

far from it! — ganz und gar nicht, (ganz) im Gegenteil

far be it from me to... — es sei mir ferne, zu...

so far this week I've seen him once/three times —

so far this week I haven't seen him at all — diese Woche habe ich ihn noch nicht gesehen

so far so good — so weit, so gut

so far and no further — bis hierher und nicht weiter

to go far (money, supplies, measures etc) — weit reichen

these measures won't go very far toward(s) stemming rising costs — diese Maßnahmen werden nicht viel dazu beitragen, die steigenden Kosten einzudämmen

I would go so far as to say... — ich würde so weit gehen zu sagen...

that's going too far —

to carry a joke too far — einen Spaß zu weit treiben

that's carrying a joke too far — da hört der Spaß auf

not far out (in guess) — nicht schlecht

not far off (in space) — nicht weit; (in guess, aim) fast (getroffen)

the weekend isn't far off now — es ist nicht mehr lang bis zum Wochenende

far gone (inf) — schon ziemlich hinüber (inf)

2. adj

1) (= more distant of two) weiter entfernt, hintere(r, s)

the far end of the room — das andere Ende des Zimmers

the far window/door — das Fenster/die Tür am anderen Ende des Zimmers

the far wall — die Wand am anderen Ende

on the far side of — auf der anderen Seite von

when he reached the far bank —

which of these cars is yours? – the far one — welches ist dein Auto? – das, das weiter weg ist

which bed will you have? – the far one — welches Bett möchtest du? – das da drüben

2) (= far-off) country, land weit entfernt

in the far distance — in weiter Ferne

it's a far cry from... (fig) — das ist etwas ganz anderes als...

* * *

far [fɑː(r)] komp. farther [ˈfɑː(r)ðə(r)], further [ˈfɜːðə; US ˈfɜrðər], sup farthest [ˈfɑː(r)ðıst], furthest [ˈfɜːðıst; US ˈfɜr-]

A adj

1. fern, (weit) entfernt, weit, entlegen

2. (vom Sprecher aus) entfernter, abliegend:

at the far end am anderen Ende;

the far side die andere Seite

3. weit vorgerückt, fortgeschritten ( beide:

in in dat)

B adv

1. fern, weit:

far away, far off weit weg oder entfernt;

his thoughts were far away er war mit seinen Gedanken ganz woanders

2. fig weit entfernt ( from von):

far from rich alles andere als reich;

far from completed noch lange oder längst nicht fertig;

I am far from believing it ich bin weit davon entfernt, es zu glauben;

far be it from me (to deny it) es liegt mir fern(, es zu leugnen), ich möchte (es) keineswegs (abstreiten);

far from it! ganz und gar nicht!, keineswegs!

3. weit(hin), fern(hin):

far into weit oder hoch oder tief in (akk);

far into the night bis spät oder tief in die Nacht (hinein);

it went far to convince him das hat ihn beinahe überzeugt

4. auch far and away, by far weit(aus), bei Weitem, um vieles, wesentlich (bes mit komp und sup):

far better;

(by) far the best

a) weitaus oder mit Abstand der (die, das) beste,

b) bei Weitem am bestenBesondere Redewendungen: as far as

a) so weit oder so viel (wie), insofern als,

b) bis (nach oder zu oder an akk), nicht weiter als far and near fern und nah;

far and wide weit und breit;

far back weit zurück oder hinten;

as far back as 1800 schon (im Jahre) 1800;

from far von Weitem;

go far

a) weit gehen oder reichen,

b) fig weit kommen, es weit bringen ten pounds don’t go far mit 10 Pfund kommt man nicht weit;

as far as that goes was das (an)betrifft;

it is a very good book as far as it goes es ist insgesamt ein sehr gutes Buch;

she is quite nice as far as she goes sie ist so weit ganz nett;

I’ll go so far as to say that … ich möchte oder würde sogar behaupten, dass…;

go too far zu weit gehen;

in so far (as) insofern, -weit (als);

so far bis hierher, bisher, bis jetzt;

so far so good so weit, so gut;

far out

a) weit draußen,

b) weit hinaus,

c) → far-out be far out weit daneben liegen (mit einer Vermutung etc);

far up hoch oben; → between B, cry A 1

* * *
1. adverb,
farther, further; farthest, furthest

1) (in space) weit

far away — weit entfernt

far [away] from — weit entfernt von

see something from far away — etwas aus der Ferne sehen

I won't be far away — ich werde ganz in der Nähe sein

far above/below — hoch über/tief unter (+ Dat.); adverb hoch oben/tief unten

fly as far as Munich — bis [nach] München fliegen

far and wide — weit und breit

from far and near or wide — von fern und nah

2) (in time) weit

far into the night — bis spät od. tief in die Nacht

as far back as I can remember — soweit ich zurückdenken kann

3) (by much) weit

far too — viel zu

far longer/ better — weit[aus] länger/besser

4) (fig.)

as far as — (to whatever extent, to the extent of) so weit [wie]

I haven't got as far as phoning her — ich bin noch nicht dazu gekommen, sie anzurufen

not as far as I know — nicht, dass ich wüsste

as far as I remember/know — soweit ich mich erinnere/weiß

go so far as to do something — so weit gehen und etwas tun

in so far as — insofern od. insoweit als

so far — (until now) bisher

so far so good — so weit, so gut

by far — bei weitem

better by far — weitaus besser

far from easy/good — alles andere als leicht/gut

far from it! — ganz im Gegenteil!

go too far — zu weit gehen

carry or take something too far — etwas zu weit treiben
2. adjective,
farther, further; farthest, furthest

1) (remote) weit entfernt; (remote in time) fern

in the far distance — in weiter Ferne

2) (more remote) weiter entfernt

the far bank of the river/side of the road — das andere Flussufer/die andere Straßenseite

* * *

adj.

fern adj.

weit adj.

English-german dictionary > far
5 far

1. adverb
1) (indicating distance, progress etc: How far is it from here to his house?) lejos

2) (at or to a long way away: She went far away/off.) lejos

3) (very much: She was a far better swimmer than her friend (was).) mucho

2. adjective
1) (distant; a long way away: a far country.) lejano

2) (more distant (usually of two things): He lives on the far side of the lake.) lo más lejos, la otra punta

•

- farther
- farthest
- faraway
- far-fetched
- as far as
- by far
- far and away
- far from
- so far

far¹ adj extremo

the Far East el Extremo Oriente / el Lejano Oriente

the far end of the stadium el otro extremo del estadio

El comparativo de far es farther o further; el superlativo es farthest o furthest

far² adv

1. lejos

how far is it to Paris? ¿a cuánto está París? / ¿cuánto hay de aquí a París?

it isn't very far no está muy lejos

2. mucho

Egypt is far hotter than Iceland Egipto es mucho más caluroso que Islandia

it's far too expensive es demasiado caro

as far as hasta

he ran as far as the church and came back corrió hasta la iglesia y volvió

far away lejos

so far hasta ahora

El comparativo de far es farther o further; el superlativo es farthest o furthest

far

tr[fɑː^SMALLr/SMALL]

adjective (comp farther o further, superl farthest o furthest)

1 (distant) lejano,-a, remoto,-a

■ a far country un país lejano

2 (more distant) opuesto,-a, extremo,-a

■ the far end of the hall el otro extremo de la sala

adverb

1 (a long way) lejos

■ is it far from here? ¿está lejos de aquí?

■ how far is? ¿a qué distancia está?

■ how far is it to Rome? ¿cuánto hay de aquí a Roma?

■ how far have we travelled? ¿cuántos kilómetros hemos hecho?

■ it isn't as far as it looks no está tan lejos como parece

2 (a long time) lejos

■ they existed as far back as the 12th century existían ya en el siglo doce

■ the day when we'll be able to shop by computer is not so far off el día en que se pueda comprar por ordenador no está tan lejos

■ they talked far into the night estuvieron hablando hasta muy entrada la noche

3 (much) mucho

■ it's far better than the other está mucho mejor que el otro

■ far bigger mucho más grande

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

as far as... is concerned en cuanto a..., por lo que a... se refiere

■ as far as I am concerned por lo que a mí se refiere

as far as I know que yo sepa

as far as the eye can see hasta donde alcanza la vista

by far mucho, con mucho

■ it's cheaper by far to go by coach es mucho más barato ir en autocar

■ it's by far the tallest building es con mucho el edificio más alto

far and away con mucho, con diferencia

■ she's far and away the best es con mucho la mejor

far and wide / far and near por todas partes

far away lejos

far be it from me to... no es que yo quiera...

far from... lejos de...

■ far from causing problems, he was very helpful lejos de causar problemas, fue muy amable

far from it de eso nada, nada de eso, qué va

■ was the film bad? --far from it, it was excellent! ¿era mala la película? --¡de eso nada, era buenísima!

far off a lo lejos

not to be not far out / not to be far wrong / not to be far off no ir desencaminado,-a

so far (until now) hasta ahora 2 (to a point) hasta cierto punto

so far, so good hasta aquí bien, hasta ahora bien

to be a far cry from no tener nada que ver con

to go far (money) comprar mucho 2 (food, supplies etc) cundir 3 (person) llegar lejos

to go too far pasarse de la raya

to take something too far llevar las cosas demasiado lejos

the far left / the far right la extrema izquierda / la extrema derecha

far ['fɑr] adv, farther ['fɑrðər] or further ['fər-] ; farthest or furthest [-ðəst]

1) : lejos

far from here: lejos de aquí

to go far: llegar lejos

as far as Chicago: hasta Chicago

far away: a lo lejos

2) much: muy, mucho

far bigger: mucho más grande

far superior: muy superior

it's by far the best: es con mucho el mejor

3) (expressing degree or extent)

the results are far off: salieron muy inexactos los resultados

to go so far as: decir tanto como

to go far enough: tener el alcance necesario

4) (expressing progress)

the work is far advanced: el trabajo está muy avanzado

to take (something) too far: llevar (algo) demasiado lejos

5)

far and wide : por todas partes

6)

far from it! : ¡todo lo contrario!

7)

so far : hasta ahora, todavía

far adj, farther or further ; farthest or furthest

1) remote: lejano, remoto

the Far East: el Lejano Oriente, el Extremo Oriente

a far country: un país lejano

2) long: largo

a far journey: un viaje largo

3) extreme: extremo

the far right: la extrema derecha

at the far end of the room: en el otro extremo de la sala

far

adj.

• largo, -a adj.

• lejano, -a adj.

• más lejano adj.

adv.

• lejos adv.

• mucho más lejos adv.

I fɑːr, fɑː(r)
adverb

1) (comp further or farther; superl furthest or farthest)

a) ( in distance) lejos

how far can you swim? — ¿qué distancia puedes hacer a nado?

how far is it? — ¿a qué distancia está?

how far is it from New York to Seattle? — ¿qué distancia hay de Nueva York a Seattle?

it's not far (to go) now — ya falta or queda poco

go as far as that tree — camina hasta ese árbol

far away in the distance — a lo lejos

b) ( in progress)

the plans are now quite far advanced — los planes están ya muy avanzados

that girl will go far — esa chica va a llegar lejos

£20 won't go far these days — hoy no se hace nada con 20 libras

c) ( in time)

Christmas isn't far away o off now — ya falta or queda poco para Navidad

I can't remember that far back — no recuerdo cosas tan lejanas

I haven't planned that far ahead — no he hecho planes tan a largo plazo

d) (in extent, degree)

the new legislation doesn't go far enough — la nueva legislación no tiene el alcance necesario

this has gone far enough! — esto ya pasa de castaño oscuro

I wouldn't go so far as to say that — yo no diría tanto como eso

our estimates weren't too far out o off — no nos equivocamos mucho en los cálculos

his jokes went a bit too far — se pasó un poco con esos chistes

2) ( very much)

far superior — muy superior

far better — mucho mejor

the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages — las ventajas superan ampliamente or con mucho las desventajas

3) (in phrases)

as o so far as: as o so far as I know que yo sepa; as o so far as I'm concerned... en lo que a mí respecta or por mí...; by far: she's better than the rest by far es muchísimo mejor que el resto; their team was by far the worst su equipo fue con mucho el peor; far and away: he's far and away the best player es sin lugar a dudas or con mucho el mejor jugador; far and near o wide (liter): they searched far and near o wide buscaron por todas partes; from far and near o wide de todas partes; far from: the matter is far from over el asunto no está terminado ni mucho menos; it is far from satisfactory dista mucho de ser satisfactorio; she's not rich: far from it! no es rica todo lo contrario!; far be it from me to interfere, but... no es que yo quiera entrometerme ni mucho menos, pero...; so far: so far, everything has gone according to plan hasta ahora or hasta este momento todo ha salido de acuerdo a lo planeado; is the plan working? - yes, so far, so good — ¿funciona el plan? - por el momento, sí

II

adjective (comp farther; superl farthest)

a) ( distant) lejano

in the far distance — a lo lejos

b) (most distant, extreme) (before n, no comp)

at the far end of the room — en el otro extremo de la habitación

she's on the far right of the party — está en la extrema derecha del partido

[fɑː(r)] (compar farther, further) (superl farthest, furthest)
1. ADV

1) (distance) (lit, fig) lejos, a lo lejos

is it far (away)? — ¿está lejos?

is it far to London? — ¿hay mucho hasta Londres?

it's not far (from here) — no está lejos (de aquí)

• far away or off — lejos

far away or off in the distance — a lo lejos

not far away or off — no muy lejos

far away from one's family — lejos de la familia

• far beyond — mucho más allá de

• how far is it to the river? — ¿qué distancia or cuánto hay de aquí al río?

how far have you got with your work/plans? — ¿hasta dónde has llegado en tu trabajo/tus planes?

• to walk far into the hills — penetrar profundamente en los montes

far into the night — hasta altas horas de la noche

• from far and near — de todas partes

• Christmas is not far off — la Navidad no está lejos

he's not far off 70 — tiene casi 70 años, frisa en los 70 años

she was not far off tears — estaba al borde de las lágrimas

• far out at sea — en alta mar

our calculations are far out — nuestros cálculos yerran or se equivocan por mucho

• so far — (in distance) tan lejos; (in time) hasta ahora

so far this year — en lo que va del año

so far so good — por or hasta ahora, bien

in so far as... — en la medida en que..., en cuanto...

so or thus far and no further — hasta aquí, pero ni un paso más

• a bridge too far — un puente de más

the plans are too far advanced — los proyectos están demasiado adelantados

• far and wide — por todas partes

• he wasn't far wrong or off or out — casi acertaba, casi estaba en lo justo

2)

• as far as — hasta

as far as the eye can see — hasta donde alcanza la vista

to go as far as Milan — ir hasta Milán

to come from as far away as Milan — venir de sitios tan lejanos como Milán

she climbed as far as the rest of the team — escaló tanto como el resto del grupo

as far back as I can remember — hasta donde me alcanza la memoria

as far back as 1945 — ya en 1945

as far as possible — en lo posible

the theory is good as far as it goes — la teoría es buena dentro de sus límites

I will help you as far as I can — te ayudaré en lo que pueda

• as or so far as I know — que yo sepa

as or so far as I am concerned — por lo que a mí se refiere or respecta

I would go as or so far as to say that... — me atrevería a decir que...

3)

• far from — [+ place] lejos de

far from approving it, I... — lejos de aprobarlo, yo...

far from it! — ¡todo lo contrario!, ¡ni mucho menos!

he is far from well — no está nada bien

far be it from me to interfere, but... — no quiero entrometerme, pero...

far from easy — nada fácil

4)

• to go far, how far are you going? — ¿hasta dónde vas?

he'll go far — (fig) llegará lejos

it doesn't go far enough — (fig) no va bastante lejos, no tiene todo el alcance que quisiéramos

he's gone too far this time — (fig) esta vez se ha pasado

he's gone too far to back out now — (fig) ha ido demasiado lejos para echarse atrás or retirarse ahora

it won't go far — [money, food] no alcanzará mucho

for a white wine you won't go far wrong with this — si buscas un vino blanco este ofrece bastante garantía

- he was far gone

5) (=very much) mucho

• far better — mucho mejor

it is far better not to go — más vale no ir

• it's far and away the best, it's by far the best — es con mucho el mejor

she's the prettier by far — es con mucho la más guapa

• this car is far faster (than) — este coche es mucho más rápido (que)

• far superior to — muy superior a

2.

ADJ

the far east etc of the country — el extremo este etc del país

the far left/right — (Pol) la extrema izquierda/derecha

• at the far end of — en el otro extremo de, al fondo de

• on the far side of — en el lado opuesto de

- it's a far cry from

3.

CPD

the Far East N — el Extremo or Lejano Oriente

the Far North N — el Polo Norte

* * *

I [fɑːr, fɑː(r)]
adverb

1) (comp further or farther; superl furthest or farthest)

a) ( in distance) lejos

how far can you swim? — ¿qué distancia puedes hacer a nado?

how far is it? — ¿a qué distancia está?

how far is it from New York to Seattle? — ¿qué distancia hay de Nueva York a Seattle?

it's not far (to go) now — ya falta or queda poco

go as far as that tree — camina hasta ese árbol

far away in the distance — a lo lejos

b) ( in progress)

the plans are now quite far advanced — los planes están ya muy avanzados

that girl will go far — esa chica va a llegar lejos

£20 won't go far these days — hoy no se hace nada con 20 libras

c) ( in time)

Christmas isn't far away o off now — ya falta or queda poco para Navidad

I can't remember that far back — no recuerdo cosas tan lejanas

I haven't planned that far ahead — no he hecho planes tan a largo plazo

d) (in extent, degree)

the new legislation doesn't go far enough — la nueva legislación no tiene el alcance necesario

this has gone far enough! — esto ya pasa de castaño oscuro

I wouldn't go so far as to say that — yo no diría tanto como eso

our estimates weren't too far out o off — no nos equivocamos mucho en los cálculos

his jokes went a bit too far — se pasó un poco con esos chistes

2) ( very much)

far superior — muy superior

far better — mucho mejor

the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages — las ventajas superan ampliamente or con mucho las desventajas

3) (in phrases)

as o so far as: as o so far as I know que yo sepa; as o so far as I'm concerned... en lo que a mí respecta or por mí...; by far: she's better than the rest by far es muchísimo mejor que el resto; their team was by far the worst su equipo fue con mucho el peor; far and away: he's far and away the best player es sin lugar a dudas or con mucho el mejor jugador; far and near o wide (liter): they searched far and near o wide buscaron por todas partes; from far and near o wide de todas partes; far from: the matter is far from over el asunto no está terminado ni mucho menos; it is far from satisfactory dista mucho de ser satisfactorio; she's not rich: far from it! no es rica todo lo contrario!; far be it from me to interfere, but... no es que yo quiera entrometerme ni mucho menos, pero...; so far: so far, everything has gone according to plan hasta ahora or hasta este momento todo ha salido de acuerdo a lo planeado; is the plan working? - yes, so far, so good — ¿funciona el plan? - por el momento, sí

II

adjective (comp farther; superl farthest)

a) ( distant) lejano

in the far distance — a lo lejos

b) (most distant, extreme) (before n, no comp)

at the far end of the room — en el otro extremo de la habitación

she's on the far right of the party — está en la extrema derecha del partido

English-spanish dictionary > far
6 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
7 up

up [ʌp] (pt & pp upped, cont upping)

1 adverb

A.

(a) (towards a higher position or level) en haut;

∎ all the way up, the whole way up, right up (to the top) (of stairs, hill) jusqu'en haut;

∎ he's on his way up il monte;

∎ they had coffee sent up ils ont fait monter du café;

∎ hang it higher up accrochez-le plus haut;

∎ wait till the moon comes up attends que la lune se lève;

∎ familiar he doesn't have very much up top c'est pas une lumière, il a pas inventé l'eau chaude ou le fil à couper le beurre;

∎ familiar she's got plenty up top elle en a dans le ciboulot

(b) (in a higher position, at a higher level)

∎ she wears her hair up elle porte ses cheveux relevés;

∎ hold your head up high! redressez la tête!;

∎ heads up! attention!;

∎ up above au-dessus;

∎ the glasses are up above the plates les verres sont au-dessus des assiettes;

∎ up in the air en l'air;

∎ look at the kite up in the sky regardez le cerf-volant (là-haut) dans le ciel;

∎ I live eight floors up j'habite au huitième (étage);

∎ she lives three floors up from us elle habite trois étages au-dessus de chez nous;

∎ she's up in her room elle est en haut dans sa chambre;

∎ we spend our holidays up in the mountains nous passons nos vacances à la montagne;

∎ from up on the mountain du haut de la montagne;

∎ do you see her up on that hill? la voyez-vous en haut de ou sur cette colline?;

∎ what are you doing up there? qu'est-ce que vous faites là-haut?;

∎ the captain is up on deck le capitaine est en haut sur le pont;

∎ have you ever been up in a plane? avez-vous déjà pris l'avion?;

∎ up the top tout en haut;

∎ it's up on top of the wardrobe c'est sur le dessus de l'armoire;

∎ figurative she's up there with the best (of them) elle est parmi ou dans les meilleurs

(c) (in a raised position) levé;

∎ Charles has his hand up Charles a la main levée;

∎ wind the window up (in car) remontez la vitre;

∎ put your hood up relève ou mets ta capuche;

∎ she turned her collar up elle a relevé son col

(d) (into an upright position) debout;

∎ up you get! debout!;

∎ he helped me up il m'a aidé à me lever ou à me mettre debout;

∎ sit up straight! tiens-toi droit!;

∎ the trunk was standing up on end la malle était debout;

∎ familiar up and at them! grouillez-vous!

(e) (out of bed)

∎ get up! debout!;

∎ she got up late this morning elle s'est levée tard ce matin;

∎ she's always up and doing elle n'arrête jamais

(f) (facing upwards)

∎ the body was lying face up le corps était couché sur le dos;

∎ I turned the poster right side up j'ai mis l'affiche dans le bon sens ou à l'endroit;

∎ put it the other way up retournez-le;

∎ he turned his hand palm up il a tourné la main paume vers le haut;

∎ fragile - this way up (on packaging) fragile - haut;

∎ familiar figurative he doesn't know which end is up il est bête comme ses pieds

(g) (erected, installed)

∎ they're putting up a new hotel there ils construisent un nouvel hôtel là-bas;

∎ help me get the curtains/the pictures up aide-moi à accrocher les rideaux/les tableaux

(h) (on wall)

∎ up on the blackboard au tableau;

∎ I saw an announcement up about it je l'ai vu sur une affiche

(i) (removed)

∎ careful, we've got some of the floorboards up attention au plancher, il manque des lattes;

∎ when we've got the carpet up… quand nous aurons enlevé la moquette…

B.

(a) (towards north)

∎ they came up for the weekend ils sont venus pour le week-end;

∎ it's cold up here il fait froid ici;

∎ up there là-bas;

∎ up north dans le nord

(b) (in, to or from a larger place)

∎ up in Madrid à Madrid;

∎ she's up in Maine for the week elle passe une semaine dans le Maine;

∎ we're up from Munich nous venons ou arrivons de Munich;

∎ he was on his way up to town il allait en ville

(c) British (at university)

∎ he's up at Oxford il est à Oxford

(d) (further)

∎ there's a café up ahead il y a un café plus loin;

∎ the sign up ahead says 10 miles la pancarte là-bas indique 10 miles

(e) (in phrasal verbs)

∎ the clerk came up to him le vendeur s'est approché de lui ou est venu vers lui;

∎ a car drew up at the petrol pump une voiture s'est arrêtée à la pompe à essence;

∎ up came a small, blonde child un petit enfant blond s'est approché

(f) (close to)

∎ up close de près;

∎ I like to sit up front j'aime bien m'asseoir devant;

∎ when you get right up to her quand vous la voyez de près;

∎ they stood up close to one another ils se tenaient l'un contre l'autre ou tout près l'un de l'autre

C.

(a) (towards a higher level)

∎ prices have gone up by 10 percent les prix ont augmenté ou monté de 10 pour cent;

∎ bread has gone up again le pain a encore augmenté;

∎ the temperature soared up into the thirties la température est montée au-dessus de trente degrés;

∎ they can cost anything from £750 up ils coûtent au moins 750 livres, on en trouve à partir de 750 livres;

∎ suitable for children aged seven and up convient aux enfants âgés de sept ans et plus;

∎ all ranks from sergeant up tous les rangs à partir de celui de sergent

(b) (more loudly, intensely) plus fort;

∎ speak up parlez plus fort;

∎ he turned the radio up il a mis la radio plus fort

D.

(a) (indicating completion)

∎ drink up! finissez vos verres!;

∎ eat up your greens finis tes légumes;

∎ the river had dried up la rivière s'était asséchée

(b) (into small pieces)

∎ he ripped the shirt up il a mis la chemise en lambeaux;

∎ I tore up the letter j'ai déchiré la lettre (en petits morceaux)

(c) (together)

∎ add these figures up additionnez ces chiffres;

∎ the teacher gathered up his notes le professeur a ramassé ses notes

E.

(a) (before an authority)

∎ he came up before the judge for rape il a comparu devant le juge pour viol;

∎ the murder case came up before the court today le meutre a été jugé aujourd'hui;

∎ she comes up before the board tomorrow elle paraît devant le conseil demain

(b) familiar (indicating support)

∎ up (with) the Revolution! vive la Révolution!;

∎ Sport up the Lakers! allez les Lakers!

2 adjective

A.

(a) (at or moving towards higher level) haut;

∎ the river is up le fleuve est en crue;

∎ the tide is up la marée est haute;

∎ before the sun was up avant le lever du soleil;

∎ prices are up on last year les prix ont augmenté par rapport à l'année dernière;

∎ the temperature is up in the twenties la température a dépassé les vingt degrés

(b) (in a raised position) levé;

∎ the blinds are up les stores sont levés;

∎ keep the windows up (in car) n'ouvrez pas les fenêtres;

∎ her hair was up (in a bun) elle avait un chignon;

∎ her hood was up so I couldn't see her face sa capuche était relevée, si bien que je ne voyais pas sa figure;

∎ figurative his defences were up il était sur ses gardes

(c) (in an upwards direction)

∎ the up escalator l'escalier roulant qui monte

(d) British Railways (heading for a larger city)

∎ the up train le train qui va en ville;

∎ the up platform le quai où l'on prend le train qui va en ville

(e) (out of bed)

∎ is she up yet? est-elle déjà levée ou debout?;

∎ we're normally up at 6 d'habitude nous nous levons à 6 heures;

∎ she was up late last night elle s'est couchée ou elle a veillé tard hier soir;

∎ they were up all night ils ne se sont pas couchés de la nuit, ils ont passé une nuit blanche

(f) (in tennis)

∎ was the ball up? la balle était-elle bonne?

B.

(a) (road) en travaux;

∎ road up (sign) travaux

(b) (erected, installed)

∎ these buildings haven't been up long ça ne fait pas longtemps que ces immeubles ont été construits;

∎ are the new curtains up yet? les nouveaux rideaux ont-ils été posés?;

∎ when the tent's up quand la tente sera montée

(c) (on wall)

∎ are the results up yet? les résultats sont-ils déjà affichés?

C.

(a) (finished, at an end) terminé;

∎ time is up! (on exam, visit) c'est l'heure!; (in game, on meter) le temps est écoulé!;

∎ when the month was up he left à la fin du mois, il est parti

(b) (ahead) Sport

∎ Madrid was two goals up Madrid menait de deux buts;

∎ Sport Georgetown was 13 points up on Baltimore Georgetown avait 13 points d'avance sur Baltimore;

∎ Golf to be one hole up avoir un trou d'avance;

∎ familiar I'm $50 up on you j'ai 50 dollars de plus que vous^□ ;

∎ familiar to be one up on sb avoir un avantage sur qn^□

(c) familiar (ready) prêt^□ ;

∎ dinner's up le dîner est prêt

(d) (in operation)

∎ the computer's up again l'ordinateur fonctionne à nouveau

D.

(a) familiar (cheerful) gai^□ ;

∎ he seemed very up when I saw him il avait l'air en pleine forme quand je l'ai vu

(b) (well-informed)

∎ to be up on sth être au fait de qch^□ ;

∎ he's really up on history il est fort ou calé en histoire^□ ;

∎ she's always up with the latest trends elle est toujours au courant de la dernière mode^□

E.

(a) to be up (before an authority) comparaître;

∎ to be up before a court/a judge comparaître devant un tribunal/un juge;

∎ she's up before the board tomorrow elle comparaît devant le conseil demain

(b) familiar (idioms)

∎ something's up (happening) il se passe quelque chose^□ ; (wrong) quelque chose ne va pas^□ ;

∎ what's up? (happening) qu'est-ce qui se passe?^□ ; (wrong) qu'est-ce qu'il y a?^□ ; American (as greeting) quoi de neuf?;

∎ what's up with you? (happening) quoi de neuf?; (wrong) qu'est-ce que tu as?^□ ;

∎ do you know what's up? est-ce que tu sais ce qui se passe?^□ ;

∎ something's up with Mum il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas chez maman^□, maman a quelque chose^□ ;

∎ there's something up with the TV la télé débloque

3 preposition

(a) (indicating motion to a higher place or level)

∎ we carried our suitcases up the stairs nous avons monté nos valises;

∎ he ran up the stairs il a monté l'escalier en courant;

∎ she was up and down stairs all day elle montait et descendait les escaliers toute la journée;

∎ I climbed up the ladder je suis monté à l'échelle;

∎ the cat climbed up the tree le chat a grimpé dans l'arbre;

∎ the smoke went up my nose la fumée m'est montée par le nez;

∎ the gas goes up this pipe le gaz monte par ce tuyau;

∎ further up the wall plus haut sur le mur;

∎ literary up hill and down dale par monts et par vaux

(b) (at or to the top of)

∎ her flat is up those stairs son appartement est en haut de cet escalier;

∎ the cat is up a tree le chat est (perché) sur un arbre;

∎ we walked up the street nous avons monté la rue;

∎ she pointed up the street elle a montré le haut de la rue;

∎ she lives up this street elle habite dans cette rue;

∎ the café is just up the road le café se trouve plus loin ou plus haut dans la rue

(c) (towards the source of)

∎ up the river en amont;

∎ a voyage up the Amazon une remontée de l'Amazone

(d) British familiar (at, to) à^□ ;

∎ he's up the pub il est au pub;

∎ I'm going up the shops je vais faire les courses^□

(e) (idiom) very familiar

∎ up yours! va te faire voir!

4 transitive verb

(a) (increase) augmenter;

∎ they have upped their prices by 25 percent ils ont augmenté leurs prix de 25 pour cent;

∎ also figurative to up the stakes monter la mise

(b) (promote) lever, relever;

∎ the boss upped him to district manager le patron l'a bombardé directeur régional

(c) (idiom)

∎ to up sticks plier bagages

5 intransitive verb

∎ familiar she upped and left elle a fichu le camp;

∎ he just upped and hit him tout à coup il (s'est levé et) l'a frappé;

∎ he upped and married her en moins de deux, il l'a épousée

6 noun

(a) (high point) haut m;

∎ ups and downs (in land, road) accidents mpl; (of market) fluctuations fpl;

∎ I've had a lot of ups and downs in my life j'ai connu des hauts et des bas;

∎ we all have our ups and downs nous avons tous des hauts et des bas

(b) (increase)

∎ the market is on the up le marché est à la hausse;

∎ prices are on the up les prix sont en hausse

(c) familiar (drug) amphet f, amphé f

7 up against preposition

(a) (touching) contre;

∎ lean the ladder up against the window appuyez l'échelle contre la fenêtre

(b) (in competition or conflict with)

∎ you're up against some good candidates vous êtes en compétition avec de bons candidats;

∎ they don't know what they're up against! ils ne se rendent pas compte de ce qui les attend!;

∎ to be up against the law être dans l'illégalité;

∎ familiar to be up against it être dans le pétrin

8 up and about, up and around adjective

∎ I've been up and about since 7 o'clock (gen) je suis levé depuis 7 heures;

∎ so you're up and about again? (after illness) alors tu n'es plus alité?

9 up and down

1 adverb

(a) (upwards and downwards)

∎ he was jumping up and down il sautait sur place;

∎ she looked us up and down elle nous a regardés de haut en bas;

∎ the bottle bobbed up and down on the waves la bouteille montait et descendait sur les vagues;

∎ I was up and down all night (in and out of bed) je n'ai pas arrêté de me lever la nuit dernière

(b) (to and fro) de long en large;

∎ I could hear him walking up and down je l'entendais faire les cent pas ou marcher de long en large;

∎ she walked up and down the platform elle faisait les cent pas sur le quai

(c) (in all parts of)

∎ up and down the country dans tout le pays

2 adjective

∎ she's been very up and down lately elle a eu beaucoup de hauts et de bas ces derniers temps

10 up for preposition

(a) (under consideration, about to undergo) à;

∎ the house is up for sale la maison est à vendre;

∎ the project is up for discussion on va discuter du projet;

∎ she's up for election elle est candidate ou elle se présente aux élections

(b) (due to be tried for)

∎ he's up for murder/speeding il va être jugé pour meurtre/excès de vitesse

(c) familiar (interested in, ready for)

∎ are you still up for supper tonight? tu veux toujours qu'on dîne ensemble ce soir?^□ ;

∎ he's up for anything il est toujours partant^□ ;

∎ was she up for it? (willing to have sex) elle a bien voulu coucher?

11 up to preposition

(a) (as far as) jusqu'à;

∎ he can count up to 100 il sait compter jusqu'à 100;

∎ the river is up to 25 feet wide le fleuve a jusqu'à 25 pieds de largeur;

∎ the bus can take up to 50 passengers le bus peut accueillir jusqu'à 50 passagers;

∎ I'm up to page 120 j'en suis à la page 120;

∎ up to and including Saturday jusqu'à samedi inclus;

∎ up to here jusqu'ici;

∎ up to or up until now jusqu'à maintenant, jusqu'ici;

∎ up to or up until then jusqu'alors, jusque-là;

∎ we were up to our knees in mud nous avions de la boue jusqu'aux genoux

(b) (the responsibility of)

∎ should he attend the meeting? - that's up to him est-ce qu'il doit assister à la réunion? - il fait ce qu'il veut ou c'est à lui de voir;

∎ which film do you fancy? - it's up to you quel film est-ce que tu veux voir? - c'est comme tu veux;

∎ it's entirely up to you whether you go or not il ne tient qu'à toi de rester ou de partir;

∎ if it were up to me… si c'était moi qui décidais ou à moi de décider…;

∎ it's up to them to pay damages c'est à eux ou il leur appartient de payer les dégâts

(c) (capable of)

∎ to be up to doing sth être capable de faire qch;

∎ he's not up to heading the team il n'est pas capable de diriger l'équipe;

∎ my German is not up to translating novels mon niveau d'allemand ne me permet pas de traduire des romans;

∎ he's not up to it (not good enough) il n'est pas capable de le faire;

∎ are you going out tonight? - no, I don't feel up to it tu sors ce soir? - non, je n'en ai pas tellement envie;

∎ he's not up to the journey il n'est pas à même de faire le voyage;

∎ are you up to working or to work? êtes-vous capable de ou en état de travailler?;

∎ I'm not up to going back to work je ne suis pas encore en état de reprendre le travail;

∎ familiar the football team isn't up to much l'équipe de foot ne vaut pas grand-chose;

∎ familiar I don't feel up to much je ne me sens pas en super forme

(d) (as good as)

∎ his work is not up to his normal standard son travail n'est pas aussi bon que d'habitude;

∎ the levels are up to standard les niveaux sont conformes aux normes;

∎ I don't feel up to par je ne me sens pas en forme

(e) (engaged in, busy with)

∎ let's see what she's up to allons voir ce qu'elle fait ou fabrique;

∎ what have you been up to lately? qu'est-ce que tu deviens?;

∎ what's he been up to now? qu'est-ce qu'il a encore inventé?;

∎ what's he up to with that ladder? qu'est-ce qu'il fabrique avec cette échelle?;

∎ what are you up to with my girlfriend? qu'est-ce que tu lui veux à ma copine?;

∎ they're up to something ils manigancent quelque chose;

∎ she's up to no good elle prépare un mauvais coup;

∎ the things we got up to in our youth! qu'est-ce qu'on ou ce qu'on ne faisait pas quand on était jeunes!

►► Computing up arrow flèche f vers le haut;

up arrow key touche f de déplacement vers le haut

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > up
8 go

1. [gəʋ] n (pl goes [gəʋz]) разг.
1. ход, ходьба; движение

come and go - хождение туда и сюда /взад и вперёд/

the boat rolled gently with the come and go of small waves - лодка мягко покачивалась на мелких волнах

to be on the go - быть в движении /в работе/

I've been on the go since daybreak - я спозаранку на ногах

he is always on the go - он всегда в движении; он никогда не сидит без дела

he has two books on the go at the moment - в настоящее время он работает (одновременно) над двумя книгами

2. обстоятельство, положение; неожиданный поворот дел

a capital go - очень приятное дело

a near go - опасное /рискованное/ положение; ≅ быть на волосок от гибели /провала, разорения и т. п./

here's a pretty go!, what a go! - ≅ весёленькая история!, хорошенькое дельце!

it's a queer /rum/ go - странное дело

3. попытка

to have a go at - попытаться, рискнуть, попытать счастья

she was staying for another go - она осталась, чтобы сделать ещё одну попытку

let's have another go at this problem - давай ещё раз попробуем разобраться в этом деле

he had several goes at the examination before he passed - он не смог сдать экзамен с первого захода

4. 1) приступ

she had a bad go of flu - у неё был тяжёлый грипп

2) порция ( еды или вина)

3) что-л. выполненное за один раз

5. сделка, соглашение

it's a go! - идёт!, по рукам, решено!, договорились!

6. разг. энергия, воодушевление; рвение; увлечение

full of go - полон энергии

the children are full of go - у детей много энергии

there's no go about him - он вялый

there is plenty of go in this music - это очень темпераментная музыка

a brief go at drawing - кратковременное увлечение рисованием

7. разг. успех; удача; успешное предприятие

to make a go of it - амер. добиться успеха, преуспеть

he is convinced that he can make a go of it - он уверен, что добьётся в этом деле успеха

no go - бесполезный, безнадёжный

the plan is no go - план никуда не годится

it's no go! - не пойдёт!, невозможно!

8. редк. походка

9. ход ( в игре); бросок ( в спортивных играх)

it's their go - сейчас их очередь

10. карт. «мимо» ( возглас игрока в криббидж)

♢ to give smb. the go - дать кому-л. сигнал или разрешение действовать; ≅ дать «добро»

quite /all/ the go - последний крик моды; предмет всеобщего увлечения

first go - первым делом, сразу же

at a go - сразу, зараз

the great [little] go - студ. последний [первый] экзамен на степень бакалавра гуманитарных наук ( в Кембридже и Оксфорде)

from the word go - с самого начала

he was a drag on me from the word go - с самого начала он был для меня обузой
2. [gəʋ] a амер. разг.
быть в состоянии готовности; работать (безотказно) (об аппаратуре и т. п.)

all systems are go - все системы работают нормально

you are go for landing - ≅ разрешается посадка

she was suddenly in a go condition - она внезапно почувствовала, что готова ко всему
3. [gəʋ] v (went; gone)
I

1. идти, ходить

to go slowly [quickly] - идти медленно [быстро]

to go slow - а) идти медленно, не торопиться; б) быть осмотрительным; [ср. тж. ♢ ]

to go along the road - идти по дороге

cars go on the road - по дороге едут /ездят/ машины

to go upstairs [downstairs] - подыматься [спускаться] по лестнице

they went over the river - они перешли /переправились через/ реку

she went to buy some food - она отправилась за провизией

he went to visit /to see/ her - он пошёл навестить /проведать/ её

to go to the doctor - пойти к врачу

to go in single file [in pairs] - идти по одному [парами]

we can talk as we go - мы можем разговаривать на ходу

you go first - а) вы идите первым /вперёд/; б) проходите, пожалуйста; в) ваш первый ход

who goes there? - кто идёт? ( оклик часового)

2. направляться, следовать; ехать, поехать

to go to the window - подойти к окну

to go to the country - поехать за город /в деревню, на дачу/ [см. тж. ♢ ]

to go abroad - поехать за границу [см. тж. ♢ ]

he is going abroad - он едет за границу

to go to France [to London] - поехать во Францию [в Лондон]

to go on a journey - поехать в путешествие; совершать путешествие

they went for a trip to Windsor - они поехали на экскурсию в Виндзор

he goes to the South every year - каждый год он ездит на юг

to go for a ride /a drive/ - поехать /отправиться/ на прогулку (особ. верхом, на велосипеде, в автомобиле)

to go for a walk - пойти (по)гулять

let's go for a swim - пойдём купаться

the bus goes to London - автобус идёт в Лондон

to go to a meeting - пойти на собрание

to go on a visit - поехать /отправиться/ с визитом; поехать погостить

to go to a party - пойти в гости /на вечеринку, на вечер/

to go on a tour - а) отправиться /пуститься/ в путешествие; б) отправляться на гастроли /в турне/

to go (some) places - амер. разг. ездить /ходить/ по разным местам

3. 1) ездить, путешествовать, передвигаться (каким-л. способом)

to go by land [by water] - ехать по суше [по воде]

to go by air - лететь самолётом

to go by train [by bus, by tram, by rail, by steamer] - ехать поездом [автобусом, трамваем, по железной дороге, пароходом]

to go by aeroplane - лететь самолётом

to go in a carriage [in a motor-car, in a ship, in a tram, in a trolley-bus] - ехать в экипаже [в автомобиле, на пароходе, в трамвае, в троллейбусе]

to go on foot - ходить /идти/ пешком

to go on horseback - ехать верхом (на лошади)

2) ходить, курсировать

the steamer goes twice a week - пароход ходит два раза в неделю

4. 1) уходить, уезжать

we came at six and went at nine - мы пришли в шесть, а ушли в девять

it is time for us to go - нам пора уходить /идти, уезжать/

we must go at one o'clock - мы должны уйти в час

I'll be going now - ну, я пошёл

I must be going now, I must be gone - теперь мне нужно уходить

she is gone - она ушла /уехала/, её нет

after I go - после моего ухода

the guests are all gone - все гости ушли

don't go yet - побудь ещё немного

be gone!, get you gone! - уходи!

2) отходить, отправляться

when does the train go? - когда отходит поезд?

the train goes from platform 5 - поезд отходит от платформы №5

one, two, three - go!, ready, steady, go! - внимание... приготовиться... марш!

5. 1) двигаться, быть в движении

I'd prefer to sit the way the train is going - я бы предпочёл сидеть по ходу поезда

to set smth. going - привести что-л. в движение

2) двигаться с определённой скоростью

the train was going (at) fifty miles an hour - поезд шёл со скоростью 50 миль в час

the car's going too fast - машина едет слишком быстро

to go at full drive /tilt/ - идти полным ходом

6. 1) работать, действовать, функционировать (о машине и т. п.)

that clock doesn't go - эти часы не ходят

my watch is going too fast [slow] - мои часы слишком спешат [отстают]

the engine went beautifully all day - весь день машина работала превосходно

the motor won't go - мотор не заводится

how do I make the washing machine go? - как включить стиральную машину?

this kept the factory going - благодаря этому фабрика продолжала работать

you must keep the fire going - тебе нужно поддерживать огонь

mails go slow - почта работает медленно

the engine goes by electricity - двигатель работает на электричестве

my heart was going at a tremendous rate - сердце у меня сильно билось

2) жить, действовать, функционировать ( о человеке)

he manages to keep going - он как-то тянет, ему удаётся держаться

7. 1) тянуться, проходить, пролегать, простираться

the boundary goes along the river - граница проходит вдоль реки

mountains that go from east to west - горы, тянущиеся /простирающиеся/ с востока на запад

how far does the road go? - далеко ли тянется эта дорога?

this road goes to London - эта дорога ведёт в Лондон

2) дотягиваться; доходить

the park goes down to the river - парк простирается до реки

I want a rope that will go from the top window to the ground - мне нужна верёвка, которую можно опустить с верхнего этажа до земли

this belt won't go around her waist - этот пояс на ней не сойдётся

the wound does not go very deep - рана не очень глубокая

8. 1) протекать, проходить

time goes quickly - время идёт быстро /летит/

vacation goes quickly - не успеваешь оглянуться, а отпуск кончился

much time has gone since that day - с того дня прошло много времени

there is another hour to go - осталось ждать ещё час

summer is going - лето проходит

2) протекать; завершаться каким-л. образом

how is the evening going? - как проходит вечер?

how did the interview go? - как прошло интервью?

I hope all goes well with you - надеюсь, что у вас всё хорошо

if all goes well with us - если у нас всё будет благополучно

how did the voting go? - как завершилось голосование?; каковы результаты голосования?

the play went well - пьеса имела успех

nobody knows how matters will go - никто не знает, как пойдут дела

what made the party go? - что обеспечило успех вечера?

9. 1) исчезать; проходить

the clouds have gone - тучи рассеялись

money goes easily - деньги тают

the pain has gone - боль прошла

all hope is gone - исчезли все надежды

2) исчезнуть, пропасть

his hat has gone - у него исчезла /пропала/ шляпа

the key has gone somewhere - ключ куда-то запропастился

where's my pen? It's gone (off my desk) - где моя ручка? Она исчезла (с моего стола)

10. распространяться; передаваться

a rumour went through the office - по учреждению прошёл слух

the story went all over the town - история обошла весь город

11. передаваться (по телеграфу и т. п.)

telegrams go by wire - телеграммы передаются по проводам

this message will go by mail /by post, in the post/ - это сообщение пойдёт по почте

12. иметь хождение, быть в обращении

13. (обыкн. to) идти (на что-л.); брать на себя (что-л.); решаться (на что-л.)

to go to a lot of [great] trouble to do smth. - приложить много [массу] усилий, чтобы сделать что-л.

do not go to any trouble - не затрудняйте себя

he will not even go to the trouble of doing that - он не захочет даже и попытаться сделать это

to go to great expense - пойти на большие расходы

to go so far as to say that! - дойти до того, чтобы сказать это!

14. 1) податься; рухнуть; сломаться, расколоться

the platform went - трибуна рухнула /обрушилась/

first the sail went and then the mast - сперва подался парус, а затем и мачта

there goes another button! - ну вот, ещё одна пуговица отлетела!

the fuse [bulb] went - перегорела пробка [лампочка]

the engine in the old car finally went - мотор в старой машине окончательно пришёл в негодность

this stuff goes at the folds - эта материя быстро протирается на сгибах

2) потерпеть крах, обанкротиться

the bank may go any day - крах банка ожидается со дня на день

3) отменяться, уничтожаться

this clause of the bill will have to go - эта статья законопроекта должна быть отменена /не должна быть принята/

whatever is not done yet must simply go - всё, что не сделано, придётся оставить как есть

4) (обыкн. с must, can, have to) отказываться; избавляться

the car must go, we can't afford it - от машины придётся отказаться, она нам не по карману

15. 1) быть расположенным, следовать в определённом порядке

the names go in alphabetical order - фамилии идут по алфавиту

to forget how holidays go - забыть последовательность праздников

2) храниться, находиться (где-л.); становиться ( на определённое место)

where is this carpet to go? - куда постелить этот ковёр?

the shirts go in the second drawer - рубашки лежат во втором ящике

this book goes on the top shelf - эта книга всегда стоит на верхней полке

3) (into, under) умещаться, укладываться (во что-л.)

the thread is too thick to go into the needle - нитка слишком толстая, чтобы пролезть в иголку

the book will not go into my pocket - книга не влезет в мой карман

the trunk will go under the bed - чемодан уместится под кроватью

how many pints go into a gallon? - сколько пинт содержится в одном галлоне?

4) (обыкн. to) равняться

twelve inches go to one foot - один фут равняется двенадцати дюймам

twenty shillings go to one pound - в фунте стерлингов двадцать шиллингов

six into twelve goes twice - шесть содержится в двенадцати два раза

three into two won't go - два не делится на три

16. заканчиваться определённым результатом

I don't know whether the case goes for me or against me - я не знаю ещё, удастся ли мне выиграть процесс

which way will the decision go? - как всё решится?

17. 1) гласить, говорить

I don't exactly remember how the words go - я точно не помню, как это там сказано

the agreement goes as follows - в соглашении говорится следующее

how does the story go? - что там дальше в рассказе?

the story goes that he was murdered - говорят, что его убили

as the story goes - как рассказывают

as the saying goes - как говорится

2) звучать (о мелодии и т. п.)

the tune goes something like this... - вот как, примерно, звучит этот мотив

how does that song go? - напомните мне мотив этой песни

ducks go❝quack❞ - утки делают «кряк-кряк»

the guns went❝boom❞ - «бабах!» грохнули пушки [см. тж. III А 2, 4)]

18. 1) звонить

I hear the bells going - я слышу, как звонят колокола

the bell has gone - уже был звонок

2) бить, отбивать время

it has just gone six - только что пробило шесть

19. умирать, гибнуть

she is gone - она погибла, она умерла

my grandmother went peacefully in the night - моя бабушка тихо скончалась ночью

after George went, she moved into a smaller house - когда Джордж умер, она переехала в дом поменьше

he is dead and gone - разг. он уже в могиле

20. 1) пройти, быть принятым

what he says goes - его предложения принимаются

this plan will not go - план не будет принят

2) быть приемлемым

your plan goes - твой план годится

here anything goes - разг. здесь всё сойдёт; здесь ты можешь делать, что твоей душе угодно

21. разг. выдерживать, терпеть

he cannot go such doctrines - он терпеть не может подобных доктрин

I can't go modern art - я не признаю современное искусство

22. справляться, одолевать

I can't go another mouthful - я больше ни глотка ( или куска) не могу съесть

23. ходить определённым шагом

to go narrow [wide] - идти узким [широким] шагом ( о лошади)

to go above the ground - уст. ходить, высоко подымая ноги

24. спариваться

II А

1. 1) участвовать ( в доле)

to go halves [shares, snacks, амер. fifty-fifty, уст. snips], to go share and share alike - делить поровну /пополам/; принять участие наравне (с кем-л.)

2) амер. разг. ставить (какую-л. сумму); рисковать (какой-л. суммой)

how much do you go? - а) сколько вы ставите?; б) на сколько вы спорите?

he went a hundred dollars - он поставил сто долларов

I'll go you a shilling - держу с вами пари на один шиллинг

2. 1) пропадать, слабеть (о слухе, сознании и т. п.)

my sight is going - я теряю зрение

his strength is going - его силы иссякают

his mind is going - его рассудок слабеет

my voice has gone because of my cold - от простуды я потеряла голос /у меня сел голос/

she's far gone - она очень плоха

2) разг. износиться ( об одежде)

my shoes are gone - у меня порвались туфли

these shoes are going - эти ботинки уже дышат на ладан

the jacket has gone at the elbows - пиджак прохудился в локтях

3. редк.

1) сохраняться ( о пище)

butter goes better in the refrigerator - масло сохраняется лучше в холодильнике

2) носиться (о ткани, одежде и т. п.)

astrakhan goes very long - каракуль носится очень долго

4. быть ритмичными ( о стихах)

5. получать ( пособие)

to go on the parish - получать приходское пособие по бедности, жить за счёт прихожан

to go on the dole - получать пособие по бедности; перейти на пособие

to go on the relief fund - получать пособие из фонда помощи

II Б

1. to be going to do smth.

1) собираться, намереваться сделать что-л.

I am going to speak to her - я намереваюсь поговорить с ней

he is going to tell us a story - он собирается рассказать нам что-то

we were going to France but we changed our minds - мы хотели поехать во Францию, но передумали

she is going to spend holidays at a rest-home - она решила провести свои каникулы в доме отдыха

she is going to have her own way - она намерена действовать по-своему

he is not going to be cheated - он не допустит, чтобы его обманули

2) ожидаться (о каком-л. событии)

she's going to have a baby - у неё будет ребёнок

I'm going to be sick! - меня сейчас вырвет!

she felt she was going to be ill - она чувствовала, что заболевает

it is going to rain - собирается дождь

there are going to be apples for dessert - на третье будут яблоки

2. to go and do smth. разг. взять да сделать что-л.; пойти и сделать что-л.

go and see - пойди посмотри

go and shut the door - пойди закрой дверь

to go and fetch smb., smth. - сходить за кем-л., чем-л.

he went and got married - он взял да и женился

you've gone and torn my dress - ну вот, вы порвали мне платье

there now! if I haven't gone and lost my ticket! - и надо же было мне потерять билет!

3. to go about smth. /doing smth./

1) заниматься чем-л.

to go about one's business - заниматься своими обычными делами

she went about her work with energy - она энергично занималась своими делами

we must go about it carefully - а) это надо делать осторожно; б) за это надо браться осторожно

2) приниматься за что-л.

how does one go about getting seats? - что нужно делать, чтобы достать билеты /места/?

he didn't know how to go about building a boat - он не знал, как подступиться к строительству лодки

4. to go at smth. энергично взяться за что-л.

to go at a hard task - энергично взяться за трудное дело

let's go at this problem in a different way - давайте попробуем решить эту проблему по-другому

he went at his breakfast as if he'd never eaten for a week - он набросился на завтрак так, будто не ел целую неделю

5. to go at smb. набрасываться, бросаться на кого-л.

he went at me with his fists - он набросился на меня с кулаками

our dog went at the postman - наша собака набросилась на почтальона

6. to go against smth.

1) двигаться против чего-л.

to go against the tide - плыть против течения [см. тж. ♢ ]

2) идти вразрез с чем-л., противоречить чему-л.

it goes against my principles - это противоречит моим принципам

she went against her mother's wishes - она не послушалась своей матери; она поступила наперекор своей матери

3) юр. оспаривать что-л.; спорить против чего-л.

7. to go against smb. быть против кого-л.; не подходить кому-л.

fate goes against us - судьба против нас

it goes against me - это противно мне, это противоречит моим убеждениям

his appearance goes against him - у него очень невыигрышная внешность

the case may go against you - решение суда может быть не в вашу пользу

8. to go behind smth. пересматривать, рассматривать заново, изучать (основания, данные)

to go behind the evidence - проанализировать показания

9. to go beyond smth. выходить за пределы чего-л., превышать что-л.

to go beyond one's orders - превышать полномочия

10. to go by /on/ smth.

1) судить по чему-л.

to go by appearances - судить по внешности

if this is anything to go by - насколько можно по этому судить

that's nothing to go by - по этому судить нельзя

2) руководствоваться чем-л., следовать чему-л.

I go by the barometer - я руководствуюсь барометром

to go by the directions - руководствоваться инструкциями

it is a good rule to go by - вот хорошее правило, которым следует руководствоваться

don't go by that old map - не следует доверять этой старой карте

I shall go entirely by what the doctor says - я буду делать всё, что говорит врач

we were just going on what you yourself had said - мы как раз действовали в соответствии с тем, что вы сами говорили

that's all the police had to go on to catch the killer - вот и все улики, которые были у полиции и по которым она должна была поймать убийцу

11. to go after smth., smb. домогаться чего-л., кого-л.

to go after a job - добиваться места

to go after a prize - вступить в борьбу за призовое место

to go after pleasure - искать удовольствий

he is going after Jane - он ухаживает /бегает/ за Джейн

12. to go for smb.

1) разг. наброситься, обрушиться на кого-л.

suddenly the lion went for his keeper - внезапно лев набросился на служителя

the speaker went for the profiteers - оратор обрушился на спекулянтов

my wife went for me because I was late for dinner - жена выругала меня за то, что я опоздал к обеду

2) слыть кем-л.; быть принятым за кого-л.

he went for an old man among the youth - молодёжь принимала его за старика /считала его стариком/

3) разг. увлекаться кем-л.; влюбиться в кого-л.

I don't go for men of his type - мне такие мужчины, как он, не нравятся

he goes for her in a big way - он здорово втюрился в неё

13. to go for smth.

1) разг. заменить что-л., сойти за что-л.

this synthetic material may easily go for pure wool - эта искусственная ткань может легко сойти за чистую шерсть

2) стремиться к чему-л.; добиваться чего-л.

will you go for the prize? - ты будешь бороться за призовое место?

when you offer him sweets he goes for the biggest one - когда ему предлагают конфеты, он всегда тянется за самой большой

3) увлекаться чем-л.

do you go for modern music? - вы любите современную музыку?

the public goes for his ideas - его идеи привлекают общественность

14. to go for /at/ á certain sum of money продаваться по определённой цене

to go for a dollar - продаваться за доллар

to go for nothing - продаваться за бесценок [см. тж. II Б 15]

the books went for a shilling [for so little] - книги были проданы за шиллинг [так дёшево]

this goes for one shilling - это стоит один шиллинг

there were good coats going at £50 - по 50 фунтов продавали хорошие пальто

going for £10!, going!, going!, gone! - продаётся за 10 фунтов!, 10 фунтов - раз!, 10 фунтов - два!, 10 фунтов - три! продано (за 10 фунтов)

15. to go to /in/ smth. расходоваться, уходить на что-л.

half our money goes on food and clothes for the children - половина наших денег уходит на еду и одежду для детей

his time goes in watching television - он всё своё время тратит на телевизор

to go for nothing - пропасть, уйти впустую [см. тж. II Б 14]

16. to go to smth., smb.

1) обращаться к чему-л., на кого-л.

his hand went to his gun - его рука потянулась за револьвером

his eyes went to her - он взглянул на неё, он обратил свой взгляд на неё

2) прибегать к помощи; обращаться (к кому-л.)

to go to law /to court/ - обращаться в суд

to go to law with smb. - возбуждать дело в суде против кого-л.

you should go to the president - вам следует обратиться к председателю

go to Aristotle for that - вам следовало бы посмотреть у Аристотеля

to go to facts - обратиться к фактам

17. to go to smth. становиться кем-л.

to go to the bar - стать юристом

to go to sea - стать моряком

to go to the stage - стать актёром, пойти в актёры

to go to the streets - стать проституткой, пойти на панель

to go to school - ходить в школу; стать учеником, учиться в школе

to go to college [to the university] - стать [быть] студентом, учиться в колледже [в университете]

18. to go to smb.

1) быть проданным кому-л.

the house went to the one who made the highest offer - дом продали тому, кто предложил самую высокую цену

going to the gentleman in the third row! going, going, gone! - продано джентльмену в третьем ряду! продано - раз!, продано - два!, продано - три!

2) доставаться кому-л.

the first prize goes to you - вам присуждается первая премия

19. to go through smth.

1) тщательно, пункт за пунктом разбирать что-л.

let's go through the arguments again - давайте снова разберём все доводы

2) проделать, сделать что-л.

to go through a ceremony - совершить обряд

to go through one's exercises - сделать упражнения

let's go through the rehearsal without any interruptions - давайте проведём репетицию без всяких помех

3) пройти, быть принятым где-л. (о проекте, предложении)

the plan must go through several stages - план должен пройти несколько инстанций

4) испытывать что-л., подвергаться чему-л.

they went through many hardships - они испытали немало трудностей

to go through a serious operation - перенести серьёзную операцию

the country has gone through too many wars - эта страна перенесла слишком много войн

5) выдержать столько-то изданий ( о книге)

the book went through ten editions - книга выдержала десять изданий

6) обыскивать, обшаривать что-л.

he went through his pockets looking for the key - он обыскал все карманы в поисках ключа

7) растратить, израсходовать (состояние, деньги и т. п.)

he quickly went through his fortune [his savings] - он быстро растратил /промотал/ своё состояние [свои сбережения]

20. to go into smth.

1) тщательно разбирать что-л., вникать во что-л.; расследовать, рассматривать что-л.

to go deeply into a question - глубоко исследовать вопрос

to go into details /particulars/ - вдаваться в подробности

he went into an explanation - он пустился в объяснения

2) избирать (профессию и т. п.)

to go into politics - избрать политическое поприще

to go into business - избрать карьеру делового человека; стать дельцом

to go into the army - стать военным

to go into Parliament [into the Cabinet] - стать членом парламента [кабинета министров]

to go into films - посвятить себя кино

3) вступить в организацию, стать членом общества

4) надевать

she goes into woollen stockings in September - с сентября она начинает носить шерстяные чулки

to go into mourning - облачиться в траур

she went into mourning for a whole year - она целый год соблюдала траур

21. to go before /to/ smb., smth.

1) предстать перед кем-л., чем-л.

you will go before the board of directors - вы предстанете перед советом директоров

2) передавать на рассмотрение кому-л., чему-л.

your suggestion will go before the committee - о вашем предложении доложат комиссии

can this question go direct to the minister? - нельзя ли этот вопрос поставить непосредственно перед министром?

22. to go with smb.

1) сопровождать кого-л., идти вместе с кем-л.

shall I go with you? - хотите я пойду с вами?

2) быть заодно, соглашаться с кем-л.

I can't go with you on that - в этом я не могу согласиться с вами

23. to go with smth.

1) подходить к чему-л., гармонировать с чем-л.; соответствовать чему-л.

the blue scarf goes well with your blouse - этот голубой шарф красиво сочетается с вашей блузкой

salt doesn't go with tea - соль не подают к чаю

2) относиться к чему-л., быть связанным с чем-л.

five acres of land go with the house - продаётся дом с прилегающим к нему участком в пять акров

3) быть связанным с чем-л.; соответствовать чему-л.

many cares go with it - с этим связано много хлопот

the salary that goes with an office - жалованье, соответствующее занимаемой должности

24. to go without smth.

1) обходиться без чего-л.

to go without supper - обходиться без ужина

2) не иметь чего-л.

to go without money - не иметь денег, быть без денег

25. to go by /under/ á name быть известным под каким-л. именем

to go by /under/ the name of... - быть известным под именем...

he went under a pseudonym - он был известен под псевдонимом, он носил псевдоним

she went under a false name - она скрывалась под чужим именем

26. to go under smb.'s name приписываться кому-л. ( об авторстве)

that play generally goes under the name of Shakespeare - обычно эту пьесу приписывают Шекспиру

27. 1) to go to make up smth. составлять что-л., входить в состав чего-л.

items which go to make up the total - пункты, из которых складывается целое

2) to go to the making of smth., smb. быть необходимым для чего-л., кого-л.

what qualities go to the making of a pilot? - какие качества необходимы пилоту?

dressings that go to making a good salad - приправа, необходимая, чтобы приготовить вкусный салат

28. to go into á state приходить в какое-л. состояние

to go into a rage - приходить в ярость

to go into hysterics - впадать в истерику

29. to go into á condition входить в какое-л. положение

to go into anchor - мор. становиться на якорь

to go into the assault - воен. идти в атаку

to go into bivouac - воен. располагаться биваком

to go into the curve - а) войти в поворот ( бег); б) входить в вираж ( велоспорт)

30. ... as smth., smb. goes... как что-л. заведено...;... как другие

he is not bad as cooks go - как повар он не так уж плох

as things go - разг. при сложившихся обстоятельствах, как это водится, в нынешних условиях

it's cheap as these things go - по нынешним временам это дёшево

that's not bad as things go - при существующем положении вещей это не так уж плохо

31. to go to show that... свидетельствовать

it all goes to show that he cannot be trusted - всё это свидетельствует о том, что ему нельзя доверять

your behaviour goes to prove that... - ваше поведение служит доказательством того, что...

that goes to make people happier - это способствует счастью людей

32. smth. is going иметься, продаваться, подаваться и т. п.

there is a cold supper going - подают холодный ужин

come along, there are ices going - идём скорее, подают мороженое

I'll have what's going - дайте мне, что у вас есть

are there any jobs going? - здесь есть работа?

are there any houses going? - здесь продают(ся) дома?

III А

1. в сочетании с последующим герундием выражает действие, соответствующее значению герундия:

to go (out) hunting /shooting/ - отправляться /ходить/ на охоту

to go out fishing [duck-shooting] - отправляться на рыбную ловлю [охотиться на уток]

to go shopping - отправляться за покупками; ходить по магазинам

to go skating - пойти на каток

to go skiing - ходить на лыжах

don't go telling me lies - перестань(те) обманывать меня

he goes frightening people with his stories - он постоянно пугает людей своими рассказами

don't go doing that! - разг. не смей делать этого!

don't go saying that! - разг. не болтай ерунды!

2. как глагол-связка в составном именном сказуемом:

1) находиться в каком-л. положении или состоянии

to go free - быть свободным /незанятым/

to go hungry /empty/ - (вечно) быть /ходить/ голодным

to go armed - быть /ходить/ вооружённым, носить оружие

to go adrift - дрейфовать

to go deep - быть глубоким

the differences between them go deep - их разногласия имеют глубокие корни

to go in rags - ходить в лохмотьях

to go in fear (of smth.) - жить в вечном страхе (перед чем-л.)

to go strong - держаться, сохранять силу, не сдаваться

to be six months gone (with child) - быть на седьмом месяце (беременности)

to go with young - находиться в состоянии беременности ( о животном)

to go native см. native II 2

2) делаться, становиться

to go bad - испортиться; сгнить, прогнить, протухнуть

the milk went sour - молоко скисло

to go blind - ослепнуть

to go dry - высыхать, становиться сухим [см. тж. ♢ ]

she /her hair/ is going grey - она седеет

the school has gone independent - эта школа стала частной

to go wild - взбеситься

to go mad /mental/ - сойти с ума

to go queer in the head - а) помешаться; б) почувствовать головокружение

to go green with envy - позеленеть от зависти

he went white with anger - он побелел от злости

to go wrong - а) сбиться с пути, встать на ложный путь; ошибаться; поступать неправильно; б) не выйти, не получиться; в) испортиться, перестать работать; разладиться; г) испортиться, протухнуть ( о пище)

the waves went very high - на море началось сильное волнение

to go hot and cold - краснеть и бледнеть

he went hot and cold - его бросало то в жар, то в холод

I went cold all over - я промёрз до костей

she is going fifteen - ей (идёт) пятнадцатый год

he has gone forty - ему уже сорок

a man gone ninety years of age - человек, которому за 90

to go Conservative - стать /сделаться/ консерватором

to go apprentice - сделаться подмастерьем /учеником/

3) оставаться в каком-л. положении

to go unpunished - быть /оставаться/ безнаказанным

to go free /scot-free/ - оставаться свободным

her complaints went unnoticed - на её жалобы не обращали внимания

4) издавать внезапный или отчётливый звук

to go bang - хлопнуть

to go pop - выстрелить, грохнуть, бахнуть

to go smash - с треском врезаться

to go snap - треснуть; с треском сломаться

to go flop - а) хлопнуться, плюхнуться; б) потерпеть неудачу, провалиться

to go fut, to go phut - а) лопнуть; б) сорваться, провалиться, лопнуть; потерпеть крах, неудачу; кончиться ничем; в) испортиться, сломаться

to go patter - а) стучать ( о каплях дождя); б) семенить ножками ( о ребёнке)

to go clatter - цокать (копытами)

♢

to go to bed /to sleep/ - ложиться спать

to go to bye-bye - детск. идти бай-бай

to go the round of - а) совершать обход; б) циркулировать (о слухах и т. п.); переходить или передаваться из уст в уста

to go foreign - мор. жарг. уйти в заграничное плавание

to go far - а) хватить надолго; those potatoes won't go far when there are 10 people to feed - картофеля надолго не хватит, раз надо кормить целых десять человек; б) зайти далеко; перейти границы (принятого, допустимого); you've gone too far! - ну, это ты хватил!, в) многого добиться; the boy is clever and will go far - мальчик умный и многого добьётся

to go a long /good, great/ way - а) далеко пойти; б) далеко зайти, хватить через край; в) хватить надолго, быть достаточным (о деньгах, продуктах)

far gone - а) в последней стадии ( болезни); б) совершенно безумный; в) сильно пьяный; опьяневший

far gone in love - безумно влюблённый

far gone in grief - убитый горем

as /so/ far as it goes - поскольку дело касается, что касается, что до

it will go hard /ill/ with him - ему придётся плохо /туго/

to go smb. better - превзойти /перещеголять, затмить/ кого-л.

to go dry - амер. а) запретить продажу спиртных напитков; б) отказаться от употребления спиртных напитков; стать трезвенником; [см. тж. III А 2, 2)]

to go wet - амер. а) разрешить продажу спиртных напитков; б) начать пить

to go steady - иметь постоянного возлюбленного /-ую возлюбленную/

to go bail - а) юр. становиться поручителем, поручиться или внести залог (за кого-л.); б) разг. ручаться

go bail that... - ручаюсь, что...

to go downhill - а) катиться по наклонной плоскости; б) ухудшаться (о здоровье, материальном положении)

to go abroad - получить известность [см. тж. I 2], распространиться ( о слухах)

a rumour has gone abroad - прошёл слух

to go to the country - распустить парламент и назначить новые выборы [см. тж. I 2]

to go to Canossa - пойти в Каноссу, публично унижаться (перед кем-л.), испрашивая прощение

to let /to leave/ go - а) выпускать из рук; б) (от)пускать, выпускать; освобождать; let me go! - отпустите меня!; в) пропускать; г) перестать думать, выбросить из головы

let it go at that! - довольно!, будет!, пусть это так и останется!

I've let my music go - я запустил музыку, я перестал заниматься музыкой

to let judgement go by default - юр. заочно решить в пользу истца ( ввиду неявки ответчика)

go easy /slow/! - осторожнее!, потише! [ср. тж. I 1]

to go easy on smth. - амер. быть тактичным в отношении чего-л.; проявлять осторожность в отношении чего-л.

to go solid - амер. полит. жарг. придерживаться одного мнения, действовать единодушно

to be going some - амер. быстро /успешно/ продвигаться вперёд

to be going strong - а) быть полным сил; процветать; б) поступать безрассудно /опрометчиво/

to go one's (own) way /gate/ - идти своим путём, действовать самостоятельно, поступать по-своему

to go with the current /the tide, the stream, the crowd/ - плыть по течению

to go with the times /the tides/ - идти в ногу со временем

to go against the stream /the tide/ - а) идти /плыть/ против течения; б) работать в неблагоприятных условиях; действовать, преодолевая сопротивление /оппозицию/; [см. тж. II Б 6 1)]

to go on one's marks - спорт. выходить на старт

as you go!, as she goes! - мор. так держать!

to go down the drain - быть истраченным впустую [см. тж. drain I ♢ ]

to go over the top - а) воен. разг. идти в атаку ( из траншей); б) ринуться в атаку, начать решительно действовать, сделать решительный шаг

to let oneself go - дать волю своим чувствам; разойтись, увлечься

to go off the deep end - а) волноваться, приходить в возбуждение; б) амер. действовать сгоряча, принять необдуманное решение

to go out of one's mind /senses/ - а) сойти с ума, рехнуться, лишиться рассудка; б) быть вне себя от волнения

to go off one's head /груб. chump, nut/, to go round the bend - сойти с ума, помешаться, рехнуться, спятить; обезуметь, вести себя как безумный

to go off the handle - выйти из себя

to go off at a tangent - сорваться, странно себя повести или высказаться

to go off the hooks - а) умереть, протянуть ноги; б) сойти с ума, рехнуться, спятить; в) сбиться с пути, свихнуться

to go out of the world - умереть, покинуть бренный мир

to go hence - отправиться на тот свет

to go the way of all the earth /flesh/, to go beyond the veil, to go home, to go to one's last /long/ home, to go to glory, to go to heaven, to go to one's long rest, to go to one's own place, to go over to the majority умереть, скончаться, разделить участь всех смертных, отправиться на тот свет, отправиться к праотцам, уйти на покой, покинуть этот бренный мир

to go to one's account - покончить счёты с жизнью

to go west - а) закатываться ( о солнце); б) умереть, скончаться; в) исчезнуть, пропасть

to go (all) to pieces /rack and ruin, smash/ - а) развалиться; разбиться вдребезги, разлететься на части /на куски/; б) подорвать своё здоровье, выйти из строя; в) обанкротиться; вылететь в трубу; трещать по всем швам; г) погибнуть, пропасть

to go to blazes /to hell, to pot, to the devil, to the dogs/, to go to pigs and whistles - разориться; погибнуть; вылететь в трубу; провалиться, пойти ко всем чертям, пойти прахом

go to blazes /to Bath, to hell, to Jericho, to pot, to the devil, to thunder, to Hanover, to Halifax, to Putney, to Tunbridge, to grass/! - пошёл к чёрту!, убирайся к чёрту!

he can go hang - он может убираться ко всем чертям

go fly a kite!, go jump in the lake!, go lay an egg!, go lay a brick!, go sit on a tack - амер. груб. проваливай!, не мешай!

to go the pace - а) мчаться, нестись во весь опор; б) прожигать жизнь, вести бурный образ жизни

to go all out - а) напрягать все силы, стараться изо всех сил; ≅ из кожи вон лезть; б) бежать изо всех сил

to go out of hand - а) выходить из повиновения; б) действовать тотчас же /немедленно, без подготовки/; в) амер. действовать опрометчиво /необдуманно, неосторожно/; проявлять несдержанность; г) завершать, оканчивать

to go all /to great/ lengths - идти на всё

to go the whole hog - а) делать (что-л.) основательно, доводить ( дело) до конца; б) ни перед чем не останавливаться, идти на всё

to go (home) to smb.'s heart - опечалить /огорчить/ кого-л.

to go home - а) доходить до сердца; найти отклик в душе; б) доходить до сознания

to go on a bat /the batter, the bend, the bust, the spree, the razzle-dazzle/ - закутить, запить, загулять

you may go farther and fare worse см. fare II ♢

go while the going's good - убирайтесь подобру-поздорову /пока не поздно/

to go it - а) действовать энергично; прилагать все усилия; б) говорить очень откровенно; в) обрушивать артиллерийский огонь

go it! - ≅ давай, давай!, валяй! ( выражает поощрение к действию)

to go it alone - действовать в одиночку, брать на себя всю ответственность

if no one can help, I'll go it alone - если никто не может помочь, я буду действовать сам /я сделаю всё сам/

to go it blind - действовать вслепую; поступать опрометчиво

go fetch! - взять! ( приказание собаке)

go along with you! - а) проваливайте!; убирайтесь; б) хватит!, не несите вздора!

there you go! - ну (вот) поехал(а)!, опять (выражает досаду, недовольство)

there he [she] goes! - ≅ полюбуйтесь на него [на неё]!, хорош [хороша]!, как разошёлся [разошлась]!, нечего сказать!, ну и картина! ( восклицание удивления или неодобрения)

don't you go all polite on me! - откуда такая вежливость?

there it goes! - ≅ смотри(те)!, слушай(те)! (восклицание, чтобы привлечь внимание слушателя)

here goes! - а) ну, начали!; б) была не была!

go by! - карт. пас!

that /it/ goes for all of us - тут мы все заодно; мы все так считаем /думаем/

it /that/ goes without saying - само собой разумеется, совершенно очевидно

how goes it? - как дела?; как поживаете?; что слышно новенького?

how goes the world with you? - как идут у вас дела?

to go a-begging /begging/ - а) не иметь спроса /рынка/; б) быть вакантным ( о должности)

to go a-wool-gathering - быть рассеянным, витать в облаках

to go against the grain /the hair/ - быть не по вкусу /не по душе, не по нутру/; раздражать

to go to seed - а) пойти в семена; перестать развиваться; б) прийти в упадок; в) морально опуститься

her tongue goes nineteen to the dozen - она трещит без умолку

it goes like this - дело обстоит так

go like this with your left foot! - сделай левой ногой так!

to go like blazes - мчаться, нестись во весь опор

to go like sixty /split/ - амер. мчаться, нестись во весь опор

НБАРС > go
9 apart

adverb

1) (separately) getrennt

with one's legs apart — mit gespreizten Beinen

apart from... — (except for) außer...; bis auf... (+ Akk.); (in addition to) außer...

2) (into pieces) auseinander

he took the engine apart — er nahm den Motor auseinander

take apart — (fig.) (criticize) auseinander nehmen (ugs.) [Theaterstück, Politiker]; (analyse) zergliedern

3)

apart [from] — (to a distance) weg [von]; (at a distance)

ten kilometres apart — zehn Kilometer voneinander entfernt

* * *

adverb

(separated by a certain distance: The trees were planted three metres apart; with his feet apart; Their policies are far apart; She sat apart from the other people.) (voneinader) entfernt

- academic.ru/115077/apart_from">apart from
- come apart
- take apart
- tell apart
* * *

apart

[əˈpɑ:t, AM -ˈpɑ:rt]

adv

1. (separated) auseinander, getrennt

I can't tell them \apart ich kann sie nicht auseinanderhalten

to be far [or miles] [or wide] \apart ( also fig) weit auseinanderliegen

to blow \apart [in der Luft] zerfetzen

to come [or fall] \apart auseinanderfallen

their marriage is falling \apart ihre Ehe geht in die Brüche

to move \apart ( also fig) sich akk auseinanderbewegen

to be set \apart sich akk abheben

to take sth \apart etw auseinandernehmen [o [in seine Einzelteile] zerlegen]; ( fig fam) etw auseinandernehmen fam [o sl verreißen]

to take sb \apart ( fig fam) jdn auseinandernehmen fam [o fam in der Luft zerreißen

2. after n (to one side) beiseite after n

joking \apart ( fig) Spaß beiseite; (not including) ausgenommen

the North coast \apart,... abgesehen von der nördlichen Küste...; (distinctive) besonders

a breed \apart eine besondere [o spezielle] Sorte

politicians are a breed \apart Politiker/Politikerinnen sind eine Sache für sich

sb is poles [or worlds] \apart jdn trennen Welten fig

they're poles \apart in their way of thinking zwischen ihren Denkarten liegen Welten fig

to be a race \apart eine Klasse für sich sein

she was a race \apart from all the other singers sie war um Klassen besser als alle anderen Sänger/Sängerinnen

3. (in addition to) außerdem, zusätzlich zu + dat; (except for) abgesehen von + dat

you and me \apart abgesehen von dir und mir

▪ \apart from sth/sb von etw/jdm abgesehen

* * *
[ə'pAːt]
adv

1) auseinander

to stand/sit with one's legs apart — mit gespreizten Beinen dastehen/dasitzen

I can't tell them apart — ich kann sie nicht auseinanderhalten

to live apart —

they're still far or miles apart (fig) — ihre Meinungen klaffen or gehen immer noch weit auseinander

to come or fall apart — entzweigehen, auseinanderfallen

the company is falling apart — die Firma geht vor die Hunde (inf)

her marriage is falling apart —

it came apart in my hands — es fiel mir in der Hand auseinander

to take sth apart — etw auseinandernehmen

2) (= to one side) zur Seite, beiseite; (= on one side) abseits (
from +gen)
he stood apart from the group — er stand abseits von der Gruppe

to hold oneself apart — sich abseits halten

a class/thing apart — eine Klasse/Sache für sich

3) (= excepted) abgesehen von, bis auf (+acc)

these problems apart —

apart from that there's nothing else wrong with it — abgesehen davon or bis auf das ist alles in Ordnung

apart from that, the gearbox is also faulty — darüber hinaus or außerdem ist (auch) das Getriebe schadhaft

* * *

apart [əˈpɑː(r)t] adv

1. einzeln, für sich, (ab)gesondert ( from von), getrennt, auseinander:

grow apart fig sich auseinanderleben;

lie ( oder be) far apart weit auseinanderliegen;

they start 30 seconds apart SPORT sie starten im Abstand von 30 Sekunden;

apart from abgesehen von, bis auf (akk);

apart from the fact that … abgesehen davon, dass …;

a topic apart ein Thema für sich; → come apart, keep B 2, know A 5, take apart, tell A 8

2. abseits, beiseite: → joking B, set apart

* * *

adverb

1) (separately) getrennt

with one's legs apart — mit gespreizten Beinen

apart from... — (except for) außer...; bis auf... (+ Akk.); (in addition to) außer...

2) (into pieces) auseinander

he took the engine apart — er nahm den Motor auseinander

take apart — (fig.) (criticize) auseinander nehmen (ugs.) [Theaterstück, Politiker]; (analyse) zergliedern

3)

apart [from] — (to a distance) weg [von]; (at a distance)

ten kilometres apart — zehn Kilometer voneinander entfernt

* * *

(from) prep.

ausgenommen adj. (from) prep.

abgesehen (von) adj.

abgesondert adj.

abseits präp. adj.

abgesondert adj.

abseits adj.

einzeln adj.

extra adj.

für sich adj.

getrennt adj. adv.

einzeln adv.

English-german dictionary > apart
10 how

1. adverb, conjunction
1) (in what way: How do you make bread?) cómo

2) (to what extent: How do you like my new hat?; How far is Paris from London?) cuánto; cómo de

3) (by what means: I've no idea how he came here.) cómo

4) (in what condition: How are you today?; How do I look?) cómo

5) (for what reason: How is it that I am the last to know about this?) cómo

•

- however

2. conjunction
(in no matter what way: This painting still looks wrong however you look at it.) de todas formas, lo (mires) como lo (mires)

- how about
- how come
- how do you do?

how adv

1. cómo

how does this machine work? ¿cómo funciona esta máquina?

how do you spell your name? ¿cómo se escribe tu nombre?

2. qué

how beautiful you look! ¡qué guapa estás!

how about...? ¿qué tal si...? / ¿qué te parece...?

how about going to the park? ¿qué te parece si vamos al parque?

how are you? ¿qué tal? / ¿cómo estás?

how much cuánto

how much did it cost? ¿cuánto te costó?

how many cuántos

how many chairs are there? ¿cuántas sillas hay?

how old are you? ¿cuántos años tienes?How do you do? es un saludo formal que se emplea cuando alguien es presentado por primera vez. Se responde igual: How do you do?

how

tr[haʊ]

adverb

1 (in questions - direct) ¿cómo?; (- indirect) cómo

■ how are you? ¿cómo estás?

■ how can I help you? ¿cómo la puedo ayudar?

■ how old are you? ¿cuántos años tienes?

■ how long is it? ¿cuánto mide de largo?

■ how often do you go to the cinema? ¿con qué frecuencia vas al cine?, ¿cada cuánto vas al cine?

■ I don't know how to thank you no sé cómo agradecérselo

■ tell me how to do it dime cómo se hace

2 (in exclamations) qué

■ how odd! ¡qué extraño!, ¡qué raro!

■ how kind of you! ¿qué amable de tu parte!

■ how well she dances! ¡qué bien baila!

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

and how! familiar ¡y tanto!

how about... ¿y si.?, ¿qué te parece si...?

■ how about a drink? ¿y si nos tomáramos una copa?

■ how about going for a drive? ¿qué te parece si damos una vuelta con el coche?

how about that! ¡vaya!

how come...? familiar ¿por qué...?, ¿cómo es que...?

■ how come this door's not locked? ¿cómo es que esta puerta no está cerrada?

how come? familiar ¿y eso?, ¿por qué?

how many? (number) cuántos,-as

how much? (quantity) cuánto,-a

how ['haʊ] adv

1) : cómo

how are you?: ¿cómo estas?

I don't know how to fix it: no se cómo arreglarlo

2) : qué

how beautiful!: ¡qué bonito!

3) : cuánto

how old are you?: ¿cuántos años tienes?

4)

how about...? : ¿qué te parece...?

how

adv.

• a qué adv.

• como adv.

• cuán adv.

• cuánto adv.

• cómo adv.

• qué adv.

interj.

• cuál interj.

• cómo interj.

pron.

• cómo pron.

haʊ
adverb

1) (in questions, indirect questions) cómo

how are you? — ¿cómo estás?

how's the new job? — ¿cómo marcha el nuevo trabajo?

how's your French? — ¿qué tal es tu francés?

how do I look? — ¿cómo or qué tal estoy?

how would Monday suit you? — ¿te viene bien el lunes?

I asked him how he knew — le pregunté cómo lo sabía

how will you vote? — ¿a or por quién vas a votar?

2) (with adjs, advs)

a) (in questions, indirect questions)

how wide is it? — ¿cuánto mide or tiene de ancho?, ¿qué tan ancho es? (AmL exc CS)

how heavy is it? — ¿cuánto pesa?

how high can you jump? — ¿hasta dónde puedes saltar?

how often do you meet? — ¿con qué frecuencia se reúnen?

how bad is the damage? — ¿de qué gravedad son los daños?, ¿qué tan graves son los daños? (AmL exc CS)

how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?

I can't tell you how grateful I am! — no puedo decirte lo agradecido que estoy or (liter) cuán agradecido estoy!

b) ( in exclamations) qué

how strange/rude! — qué raro/grosero!

how right you are! — cuánta razón tienes!

3) (in phrases)

how about o (colloq) how's about something: how about a drink? ¿nos tomamos una copa?; Thursday's no good; how about Friday? el jueves no puede ser ¿qué te parece el viernes?; I'd love to go; how about you? me encantaría ir ¿y a ti?; 10 out of 10! how about that? 10 sobre 10 ¿qué te parece?; how come (colloq): how come the door's locked? ¿cómo es que la puerta está cerrada con llave?; and how! — (colloq) y cómo!

[haʊ]
1. ADVERB

1) (in direct and indirect questions, reported speech)

a) with verb
You can usually use cómo to translate how in questions as well as after report verbs and verbs of (un)certainty and doubt (e.g. no sé):
cómo
how did you do it? — ¿cómo lo hiciste?

how can that be? — ¿cómo puede ser eso?

how are you? — ¿cómo estás?, ¿cómo or qué tal te va? (LAm) *, ¿qué tal (estás)? (Sp) *

how was the film? — ¿qué tal la película?

please tell me how to do it — por favor, dígame cómo hacerlo

I wasn't sure how to make soup — no sabía muy bien cómo hacer or preparar una sopa

• I explained to her how to make a paella — le expliqué cómo se hacía una paella

• I know how you did it — ya sé cómo lo hiciste

to know how to do sth — saber hacer algo

• to learn how to do sth — aprender a hacer algo, aprender cómo se hace algo

• how do you like your steak? — ¿cómo le gusta el filete?

how do you like the book? — ¿qué te parece el libro?

• how's that for cheek? — ¿no te parece de una cara dura increíble?

• I can't understand how it happened — no entiendo cómo ocurrió

b) (=to what degree)

how + adjective in questions can often be translated using cómo es/era de + adjective (agreeing with the noun), but other constructions might be more usual depending on the context:
how big is it? — ¿cómo es de grande?

how difficult was the exam? — ¿cómo fue de difícil el examen?

how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?

how wide is this bed? — ¿qué anchura tiene esta cama?, ¿cuánto mide de ancho esta cama?
With adverbs various translations are possible depending on the context. A very common construction is preposition + [qué] + noun:
how far away is it? — ¿a qué distancia queda?, ¿qué tan lejos queda? (LAm)

how far is it (from here) to Edinburgh? — ¿qué distancia hay de aquí a Edimburgo?

how fast can it go? — ¿a qué velocidad puede ir?

how soon can you be ready? — ¿cuánto tardas en prepararte?

how soon can you come? — ¿cuándo puedes venir?
To translate [how] + adjective/adverb in reported speech, [lo] + adjective/adverb is used. Note that the adjective agrees with the noun.
you don't know how difficult it is — no sabes lo difícil que es

I didn't know how expensive the tickets were — no sabía lo caras que eran las entradas

they've been telling me how well you did in your exams — ya me han hablado de lo bien que hiciste los exámenes
and how! ¡y cómo!, ¡y tanto! how about
how about tomorrow? — ¿qué te parece mañana?

how about a cup of tea? — ¿te apetece una taza de té?

I like it, but how about you? — a mí me gusta, pero ¿y a ti?

how about going to the cinema? — ¿qué tal si vamos al cine?, ¿y si vamos al cine?
how long
how long is this bed? — ¿qué longitud tiene esta cama?, ¿cuánto mide de largo esta cama?

how long will you be? — ¿cuánto vas a tardar?

how long have you been here? — ¿cuánto tiempo llevas aquí?
how many
how many are there? — ¿cuántos hay?

how many cartons of milk did you buy? — ¿cuántos cartones de leche has comprado?
how much
how much sugar do you want? — ¿cuánto azúcar quieres?

how much is it? — ¿cuánto vale?, ¿cuánto es?
how often
how often do you go? — ¿con qué frecuencia vas?
else
2) (in other statements)
Translate how with verbs other than report ones or verbs of (un)certainty and doubt using como without an accent: como
this is how you do it — así es como se hace

that was how I came to meet him — así es como lo conocí

I'll do it how I like — lo haré como me parezca

3) (in exclamations)
You can often translate how + adjective/adverb using qué + adjective/adverb: qué
how beautiful! — ¡qué bonito!

how strange! — ¡qué raro!

how quickly the time passed! — ¡qué de prisa pasó el tiempo!

how glad I am to see you! — ¡cuánto me alegro de verte!

how they talk! — ¡cuánto hablan!

how sorry I am! — ¡cuánto lo siento!

how she's changed! — ¡cuánto ha cambiado!

how kind of you! — es usted muy amable

2.

CONJUNCTION (=that) * que

she told me how she'd seen him last night — me dijo que lo había visto anoche

3.

NOUN

I want to know the how and the why of all this — quiero saber el cómo y el porqué de todo esto

* * *
[haʊ]
adverb

1) (in questions, indirect questions) cómo

how are you? — ¿cómo estás?

how's the new job? — ¿cómo marcha el nuevo trabajo?

how's your French? — ¿qué tal es tu francés?

how do I look? — ¿cómo or qué tal estoy?

how would Monday suit you? — ¿te viene bien el lunes?

I asked him how he knew — le pregunté cómo lo sabía

how will you vote? — ¿a or por quién vas a votar?

2) (with adjs, advs)

a) (in questions, indirect questions)

how wide is it? — ¿cuánto mide or tiene de ancho?, ¿qué tan ancho es? (AmL exc CS)

how heavy is it? — ¿cuánto pesa?

how high can you jump? — ¿hasta dónde puedes saltar?

how often do you meet? — ¿con qué frecuencia se reúnen?

how bad is the damage? — ¿de qué gravedad son los daños?, ¿qué tan graves son los daños? (AmL exc CS)

how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?

I can't tell you how grateful I am! — no puedo decirte lo agradecido que estoy or (liter) cuán agradecido estoy!

b) ( in exclamations) qué

how strange/rude! — qué raro/grosero!

how right you are! — cuánta razón tienes!

3) (in phrases)

how about o (colloq) how's about something: how about a drink? ¿nos tomamos una copa?; Thursday's no good; how about Friday? el jueves no puede ser ¿qué te parece el viernes?; I'd love to go; how about you? me encantaría ir ¿y a ti?; 10 out of 10! how about that? 10 sobre 10 ¿qué te parece?; how come (colloq): how come the door's locked? ¿cómo es que la puerta está cerrada con llave?; and how! — (colloq) y cómo!

English-spanish dictionary > how
11 head

1. noun
1) Kopf, der; Haupt, das (geh.)

mind your head! — Vorsicht, dein Kopf!; (on sign) Vorsicht - geringe Durchgangshöhe!

head first — mit dem Kopf zuerst/voran

head over heels — kopfüber

head over heels in love — bis über beide Ohren verliebt (ugs.)

keep one's head — einen klaren Kopf behalten

lose one's head — (fig.) den Kopf verlieren

be unable to make head or tail of something/somebody — aus etwas/jemandem nicht klug werden

2) (mind) Kopf, der

in one's head — im Kopf

enter somebody's head — jemandem in den Sinn kommen

two heads are better than one — (prov.) zwei Köpfe sind besser als einer

I've got a good/bad head for figures — ich kann gut rechnen/rechnen kann ich überhaupt nicht

use your head — gebrauch deinen Verstand

not quite right in the head — (coll.) nicht ganz richtig [im Kopf] (ugs.)

get something into one's head — etwas begreifen

have got it into one's head that... — fest [davon] überzeugt sein, dass...

the first thing that comes into somebody's head — das erste, was jemandem einfällt

3) (person)

a or per head — pro Kopf

4) pl. same (in counting) Stück [Vieh], das

5) in pl. (on coin)

heads or tails? — Kopf oder Zahl?

6) (working end etc.; also Mus.) Kopf, der

playback/erasing head — Wiedergabe-/Löschkopf, der

7) (on beer) Blume, die

8) (highest part) Kopf, der; (of stairs) oberes Ende; (of list, column) oberste Reihe

9) (upper or more important end) Kopf, der; (of bed) Kopfende, das

10) (leader) Leiter, der/Leiterin, die

head of government — Regierungschef, der/-chefin, die

head of state — Staatsoberhaupt, das

11) see academic.ru/33986/headmaster">headmaster; headmistress
2. attributive adjective
head waiter — Oberkellner, der

head office — Hauptverwaltung, die; (Commerc.) Hauptbüro, das
3. transitive verb
1) (provide with heading) überschreiben; betiteln

headed notepaper — Briefpapier mit Kopf

2) (stand at top of) anführen [Liste]; (lead) leiten; führen [Bewegung]

3) (direct)

we were headed towards Plymouth — wir fuhren mit Kurs auf Plymouth

4) (Footb.) köpfen

5) (overtake and stop)

head somebody/something [off] — jemanden/etwas abdrängen
4. intransitive verb
steuern

head for London — [Flugzeug, Schiff:] Kurs auf London nehmen; [Auto:] in Richtung London fahren

head towards or for somebody/the buffet — auf jemanden/das Buffet zusteuern

you're heading for trouble — du wirst Ärger bekommen

* * *
[hed] 1. noun
1) (the top part of the human body, containing the eyes, mouth, brain etc; the same part of an animal's body: The stone hit him on the head; He scratched his head in amazement.) der Kopf

2) (a person's mind: An idea came into my head last night.) der Kopf

3) (the height or length of a head: The horse won by a head.) die Kopflänge

4) (the chief or most important person (of an organization, country etc): Kings and presidents are heads of state; ( also adjective) a head waiter; the head office.) das (Ober-)Haupt; Ober...

5) (anything that is like a head in shape or position: the head of a pin; The boy knocked the heads off the flowers.) der Kopf

6) (the place where a river, lake etc begins: the head of the Nile.) die Quelle

7) (the top, or the top part, of anything: Write your address at the head of the paper; the head of the table.) oberes Ende

8) (the front part: He walked at the head of the procession.) die Spitze

9) (a particular ability or tolerance: He has no head for heights; She has a good head for figures.) die Begabung

10) (a headmaster or headmistress: You'd better ask the Head.) der Leiter

11) ((for) one person: This dinner costs $10 a head.) (pro) Kopf

12) (a headland: Beachy Head.) die Landspitze

13) (the foam on the top of a glass of beer etc.) die Blume
2. verb
1) (to go at the front of or at the top of (something): The procession was headed by the band; Whose name headed the list?) an erster Stelle stehen

2) (to be in charge of; to be the leader of: He heads a team of scientists investigating cancer.) leiten

3) ((often with for) to (cause to) move in a certain direction: The explorers headed south; The boys headed for home; You're heading for disaster!) zusteuern

4) (to put or write something at the beginning of: His report was headed `Ways of Preventing Industrial Accidents'.) betiteln

5) ((in football) to hit the ball with the head: He headed the ball into the goal.) köpfen

•

- -headed
- header
- heading
- heads
- headache
- headband
- head-dress
- headfirst
- headgear
- headlamp
- headland
- headlight
- headline
- headlines
- headlong
- head louse
- headmaster
- head-on
- headphones
- headquarters
- headrest
- headscarf
- headsquare
- headstone
- headstrong
- headwind
- above someone's head
- go to someone's head
- head off
- head over heels
- heads or tails? - keep one's head
- lose one's head
- make head or tail of
- make headway
- off one's head
* * *

head

[hed]

I. NOUN

1. ANAT Kopf m, Haupt nt geh

from \head to foot [or toe] von Kopf bis Fuß

to bow one's \head den Kopf senken

to nod one's \head mit dem Kopf nicken

to shake one's \head den Kopf schütteln

2. no pl (mental capacity) Kopf m, Verstand m

to put ideas into sb's \head jdm Flausen in den Kopf setzen

what put that idea into your \head? wie kommst du denn darauf?

to need a clear \head to do sth einen klaren Kopf brauchen, um etw zu tun

to have a good \head for sth für etw akk begabt sein

she's got a good \head for figures sie kann gut mit Zahlen umgehen

to clear one's \head einen klaren Kopf bekommen

to get sb/sth out of one's \head sich dat jdn/etw aus dem Kopf schlagen

I can't get that man out of my \head dieser Mann geht mir einfach nicht mehr aus dem Kopf

to use one's \head seinen Verstand benutzen

3. no pl (person unit)

a [or per] \head pro Kopf [o fam Nase]

dinner cost £20 a head das Abendessen kommt auf 20 Pfund pro Nase fam; (animal unit) Stück nt

a hundred \head of cattle einhundert Stück Vieh; (vegetable unit) Kopf m; of celery Staude f

a \head of broccoli/cauliflower ein Brokkoli/Blumenkohl

a \head of cabbage ein Kohlkopf m

a \head of lettuce ein Salat

4. no pl (measure of length) Kopf m

to be a \head taller than sb [um] einen Kopf größer sein als jd

to win by a \head mit einer Kopflänge Vorsprung gewinnen

5. no pl (top, front part)

the \head of the bed das Kopfende des Bettes

at the \head of the queue [or AM line] [ganz] am Anfang der Schlange

at the \head of the table am Kopf[ende] des Tisches

6. (blunt end) of a nail, pin, screw Kopf m; (end of tool) of a hammer Haupt nt, Kopf m; of a screwdriver Griff m; of tape, photographic film Anfang m

the \head of a match der Streichholzkopf

7. (leader) Chef(in) m(f); of a project, department Leiter(in) m(f); of Church Oberhaupt nt

the \head of the family das Familienoberhaupt

\head of section ECON, FIN Fachbereichsleiter(in) m(f)

a \head of state ein Staatsoberhaupt nt

8. esp BRIT (head teacher) Schulleiter(in) m(f), Rektor(in) m(f), Direktor(in) m(f) ÖSTERR

9. no pl (letterhead) [Brief]kopf m; (edge of book/page) Kopf m

10. usu pl (coin face) Kopf m

\heads or tails? Kopf oder Zahl?

11. (beer foam) Blume f, Krone f ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ

you have to pour the beer slowly so there isn't too big a \head on it man muss das Bier langsam einschenken, damit es nicht zu viel Schaum gibt

12. (water source) Quelle f

the \head of a river/stream ein Fluss-/Bachoberlauf m

13. (accumulated amount)

\head of steam Dampfdruck m

to build up a \head of steam ( fig) Dampf machen fam

14. (of spot on skin) Pfropf m

the \head of a boil/a pimple der Eiterpfropf einer Beule/eines Pickels

15. TECH of a tape recorder, video recorder Tonkopf m

16. COMPUT (data indicating start address) Kopf m

17.

▶ to not be able to get one's \head [a]round sth ( fam) etw nicht kapieren fam

▶ to not be able to make \head [n]or tail of sth aus etw dat nicht schlau [o klug] werden, sich dat auf etw akk keinen Reim machen können

▶ to bang [or knock] sb's \heads together jdm den Kopf zurechtrücken

▶ to beat [or bang] [or knock] one's \head against a brick wall mit dem Kopf durch die Wand wollen

▶ to bite [or snap] sb's \head off jdm den Kopf abreißen fig fam, jdn beschimpfen

▶ to bring sth to a \head (carry sth too far) etw auf die Spitze treiben; (force a decision) etw forcieren [o zur Entscheidung bringen]

▶ to have one's \head buried [or stuck] in a book in ein Buch versunken sein

▶ to bury one's \head in the sand, to have one's \head buried in the sand den Kopf in den Sand stecken

▶ to come to a \head sich akk zuspitzen

▶ to do sb's \head in BRIT ( fam: annoy) jdm auf den Wecker gehen fam; (confuse) jdn überfordern

▶ to do sth over sb's \head etw über jds Kopf hinweg tun

▶ to fall \head over heels in love with sb sich akk bis über beide Ohren in jdn verlieben

▶ to get [or put] one's \head down BRIT (concentrate) sich akk [ganz auf eine Sache] konzentrieren; (sleep) sich akk aufs Ohr hauen fam

▶ to get sth into one's \head etw begreifen

when will you get it into your thick \head that...? wann geht es endlich in deinen sturen Kopf [o kapierst du endlich], dass...? fam

▶ to give sb \head ( vulg sl) jdm einen blasen vulg, jdn lecken vulg

▶ to give sb their \head jdn gewähren lassen, jdm seinen Willen lassen

▶ to go over sb's \head über jds Kopf hinweg handeln

▶ to go to sb's \head praise, success jdm zu Kopf steigen pej; alcohol, wine jdm in den [o zu] Kopf steigen

▶ a good [or thick] \head of hair schönes volles Haar

▶ to have one's \head in the clouds in höheren Regionen schweben hum

▶ to have a/no \head for heights BRIT schwindelfrei/nicht schwindelfrei sein

▶ to have a good \head on one's shoulders ein helles [o kluges] Köpfchen sein fam

▶ to have an old [or wise] \head on young shoulders für sein Alter ziemlich erwachsen [o reif] sein

▶ to be \head over heels in love bis über beide Ohren verliebt sein fam

▶ to be in over one's \head ( fam) tief im Schlamassel stecken fam

▶ to keep one's \head above water sich akk über Wasser halten fig

▶ to keep a cool \head einen kühlen Kopf bewahren

▶ to keep one's \head einen klaren Kopf bewahren

▶ to keep one's \head down den Kopf einziehen, auf Tauchstation gehen hum

▶ to laugh one's \head off sich akk halb totlachen fam

▶ to be off one's \head ( fam: be crazy, silly) übergeschnappt [o von allen guten Geistern verlassen] sein fam; (stoned) total zu[gedröhnt] [o zugekifft] sein sl

Ben must be off his \head if he thinks Dad'll give him the money Ben kann nicht ganz bei Trost sein, wenn er glaubt, Dad würde ihm das Geld geben

▶ to be [or go] over sb's \head über jds Horizont gehen

▶ to put one's \heads together die Köpfe zusammenstecken

▶ to put [or stick] one's \head above the parapet BRIT sich akk weit aus dem Fenster lehnen fig

▶ \heads will roll Köpfe werden rollen

▶ to scream [or shout] one's \head off sich dat die Lunge aus dem Leib schreien

the dog started barking its \head off der Hund begann, wie verrückt zu bellen

▶ to have one's \head screwed on [right [or the right way]] ein patenter Mensch sein

▶ to be \head and shoulders above sb/sth jdm/etw haushoch überlegen sein

▶ to have taken sth into one's \head sich dat etw in den Kopf gesetzt haben

▶ \heads I win, tails you lose ( saying) ich gewinne auf jeden Fall

II. ADJECTIVE

attr leitende(r, s)

\head cook Küchenchef(in) m(f)

\head office Zentrale f

\head waiter/waitress Oberkellner m/Oberkellnerin f, SCHWEIZ a. Chef de service m

III. TRANSITIVE VERB

1. (be at the front of)

▪ to \head sth etw anführen

the procession was \headed by the Queen die Queen ging der Prozession voran

2. (be in charge of)

to \head a firm/an organization eine Firma/Organisation leiten [o führen

3. PUBL (have at the top)

▪ to \head sth etw überschreiben [o mit einer Überschrift versehen]

the article wasn't \headed der Artikel hatte keine Überschrift

4. FBALL

to \head the ball den Ball köpfen

5. HORT

to \head a tree einen Baum kappen

IV. INTRANSITIVE VERB

1. + adv (proceed in a certain direction)

to \head home sich akk auf den Heimweg machen

to \head along a path einen Weg entlanglaufen

2. HORT salad einen Kopf ansetzen

3. (go toward)

▪ to \head for sth auf dem Weg zu etw dat sein

he \headed straight for the fridge er steuerte direkt auf den Kühlschrank zu

to \head for the exit sich akk zum Ausgang begeben geh, zum Ausgang gehen

to \head for disaster auf eine Katastrophe zusteuern

▪ to \head into sth auf etw akk zusteuern

to be \heading into [some] rough times schweren Zeiten entgegengehen

* * *
in cpds (= top, senior) Ober-
* * *

head [hed]

A v/t

1. anführen, an der Spitze oder an erster Stelle stehen von (oder gen):

head a list;

head the table SPORT an der Tabellenspitze stehen, die Tabelle anführen; → bill² A 8

2. voran-, vorausgehen (dat)

3. (an)führen, leiten:

a commission headed by ein Ausschuss unter der Leitung von

4. lenken, steuern, dirigieren:

head off

a) um-, ablenken,

b) abfangen,

c) eine Gefahr etc abwenden, ein Gespräch etc abbiegen

5. übertreffen

6. einen Fluss etc (an der Quelle) umgehen

7. mit einem Kopf etc versehen

8. einen Titel geben (dat), betiteln

9. die Spitze bilden von (oder gen)

10. besonders Pflanzen köpfen, Bäume kappen, Schösslinge stutzen, zurückschneiden

11. Fußball: den Ball köpfen:

head away wegköpfen;

head in einköpfen

12. head up

a) ein Fass ausböden,

b) Wasser aufstauen

B v/i

1. a) gehen, fahren ( beide:

for nach):

be heading back auf dem Rückweg sein

b) (for) sich bewegen (auf akk … zu), lossteuern, -gehen (auf akk):

you are heading for trouble wenn du so weitermachst, bekommst du Ärger; → fall A 1

2. SCHIFF (for) Kurs halten (auf akk), zusteuern oder liegen (auf akk)

3. (mit der Front) liegen nach:

the house heads south

4. (einen Kopf) ansetzen (Gemüse etc)

5. sich entwickeln

6. entspringen (Fluss)

7. Fußball:

head clear mit dem oder per Kopf klären;

head in einköpfen;

head wide vorbeiköpfen

C adj

1. Kopf…

2. Spitzen…, Vorder…, an der Spitze stehend oder gehend

3. Chef…, Haupt…, Ober…, Spitzen…, führend, oberst(er, e, es), erst(er, e, es):

head coach SPORT bes US Cheftrainer m;

head cook Chefkoch m;

head nurse Oberschwester f

D s

1. Kopf m:

have a head umg einen Brummschädel haben, einen dicken oder schweren Kopf haben;

win by a head (Pferderennen) um eine Kopflänge gewinnen, a. fig um eine Nasenlänge gewinnen;

work sth out in one’s head etwas im Kopf ausrechnen; → stand B 1

2. poet und fig Haupt n:

head of the family Haupt der Familie, Familienvorstand m, -oberhaupt;

heads of state Staatsoberhäupter; → crowned 1

3. Kopf m, Verstand m, auch Begabung f:

he has a (good) head for languages er ist sehr sprachbegabt;

head for figures Zahlengedächtnis n;

have a good head for heights schwindelfrei sein;

two heads are better than one zwei Köpfe wissen mehr als einer

4. Spitze f, höchste Stelle, führende Stellung:

at the head of an der Spitze von (od gen)

5. a) (An)Führer(in), Leiter(in)

b) Vorstand m, Vorsteher(in)

c) Chef(in):

head of government Regierungschef

d) SCHULE Direktor m, Direktorin f

6. oberes Ende, oberer Teil oder Rand, Spitze f, z. B.

a) oberer Absatz (einer Treppe)

b) Kopf(ende) m(n) (eines Bettes, der Tafel etc)

c) Kopf m (einer Buchseite, eines Briefes, eines Nagels, einer Stecknadel, eines Hammers, eines Golfschlägers etc)

d) SCHIFF Topp m (Mast)

7. Kopf m (einer Brücke oder Mole), oberes oder unteres Ende (eines Sees etc), Boden m (eines Fasses)

8. a) Kopf m, Spitze f, vorderes Ende, Vorderteil m/n

b) SCHIFF Bug m

c) SCHIFF Toilette f (im Bug)

9. Kopf m, (einzelne) Person:

one pound a head ein Pfund pro Kopf oder Person

10. (pl head) Stück n:

50 head of cattle 50 Stück Vieh

11. Br Anzahl f, Herde f, Ansammlung f (besonders Wild)

12. Höhepunkt m, Krise f: → Bes Redew

13. (Haupt-)Haar n:

a beautiful head of hair schönes, volles Haar

14. BOT

a) (Salat- etc) Kopf m, Köpfchen n (kopfig gedrängter Blütenstand)

b) (Baum) Krone f, Wipfel m

15. ANAT Kopf m (vom Knochen oder Muskel)

16. MED Durchbruchstelle f (eines Geschwürs etc)

17. Vorgebirge n, Landspitze f, Kap n

18. pl Vorderseite f (einer Münze):

heads or tails? Wappen od Zahl?

19. JAGD Geweih n:

a deer of the first head ein fünfjähriger Hirsch

20. Schaum(krone) m(f) (vom Bier etc)

21. Br Rahm m, Sahne f

22. Quelle f (eines Flusses)

23. a) Überschrift f, Titelkopf m

b) Abschnitt m, Kapitel n

c) (Haupt)Punkt m (einer Rede etc):

the head and front das Wesentliche

24. Abteilung f, Rubrik f, Kategorie f

25. TYPO (Titel)Kopf m

26. LING Oberbegriff m

27. → heading

28. TECH

a) Stauwasser n

b) Staudamm m, -mauer f

29. PHYS, TECH

a) Gefälle n, Gefällhöhe f

b) Druckhöhe f

c) (Dampf-, Luft-, Gas) Druck m

d) Säule f, Säulenhöhe f (zur Druckmessung):

head of water Wassersäule

30. TECH

a) Spindelkopf m (einer Fräsmaschine)

b) Spindelbank f (einer Drehbank)

c) Support m (einer Bohrbank)

d) (Gewinde) Schneidkopf m

e) Saugmassel f (Gießerei)

f) Kopf-, Deckplatte f, Haube f

31. MUS

a) (Trommel) Fell n

b) (Noten) Kopf m

c) Kopf m (einer Violine etc)

32. Verdeck n, Dach n (einer Kutsche etc)

33. in Zusammensetzungen: umg

a) …süchtige(r) m/f(m): → acidhead, hashhead

b) …fan m:

filmheadBesondere Redewendungen: above ( oder over) sb’s head zu hoch für jemanden;

that is ( oder goes) above my head das geht über meinen Horizont oder Verstand;

talk above sb’s head über jemandes Kopf hinweg reden;

by head and shoulders an den Haaren (herbeiziehen), gewaltsam;

(by) head and shoulders um Haupteslänge (größer etc), weitaus;

head and shoulders above the rest den anderen turm- oder haushoch überlegen;

from head to foot von Kopf bis Fuß;

off ( oder out of) one’s head umg übergeschnappt;

go off one’s head umg überschnappen;

on one’s head auf dem Kopf stehend;

on this head in diesem Punkt;

out of one’s own head

a) von sich aus, allein,

b) auf eigene Verantwortung over sb’s head über jemandes Kopf hinweg;

go over sb’s head to do sth jemanden übergehen und etwas tun;

head over heels

a) kopfüber (die Treppe hinunterstürzen),

b) bis über die oder beide Ohren (verliebt sein) be head over heels in debt bis über die Ohren in Schulden sitzen oder stecken;

head first ( oder foremost) → headlong A;

bite ( oder snap) sb’s head off umg jemandem den Kopf abreißen, jemanden fressen;

bring to a head zum Ausbruch oder zur Entscheidung bringen;

bury one’s head in the sand den Kopf in den Sand stecken;

call for sb’s head jemandes Kopf fordern;

go for a walk to clear one’s head um einen klaren Kopf zu bekommen;

come to a head

a) MED eitern, aufbrechen (Geschwür),

b) fig zur Entscheidung oder Krise kommen, sich zuspitzen cry one’s head off umg sich die Augen ausweinen oder aus dem Kopf weinen;

it never entered his head to help her es kam ihm nie in den Sinn, ihr zu helfen;

he’d forget his head if it wasn’t screwed on umg der würde sogar seinen Kopf vergessen, wenn er nicht angeschraubt wäre;

gather head überhandnehmen;

give a horse its head einem Pferd die Zügel schießen lassen;

give sb their head fig jemanden gewähren oder machen lassen;

give sb head US vulg jemandem einen blasen (jemanden fellationieren);

his name has gone out of my head mir ist sein Name entfallen;

go to sb’s head jemandem in den oder zu Kopf steigen (Alkohol, Erfolg etc);

he has a good head on his shoulders er ist ein kluger Kopf;

have ( oder be) an old head on young shoulders für sein Alter sehr reif oder vernünftig sein;

hold sth in one’s head etwas behalten, sich etwas merken;

hold one’s head up

a) den Kopf hoch halten,

b) fig seine Selbstachtung nicht verlieren keep one’s head kühlen Kopf bewahren, die Nerven behalten;

keep one’s head above water sich über Wasser halten (a. fig);

knock sth on the head umg

a) etwas über den Haufen werfen umg,

b) einer Sache ein Ende bereiten, Schluss machen mit etwas laugh one’s head off umg sich fast oder halb totlachen;

let sb have his head jemandem seinen Willen lassen;

it lies on my head es wird mir zur Last gelegt;

lose one’s head den Kopf oder die Nerven verlieren;

make head (gut) vorankommen, Fortschritte machen;

make head against die Stirn bieten (dat), sich entgegenstemmen (dat);

I cannot make head or tail of it ich kann daraus nicht schlau werden, ich kann damit nichts anfangen;

put sth into sb’s head jemandem etwas in den Kopf setzen;

put sth out of one’s head sich etwas aus dem Kopf schlagen;

they put their heads together sie steckten die Köpfe zusammen;

run in sb’s head jemandem im Kopf herumgehen;

scream one’s head off sich die Lunge aus dem Hals oder Leib schreien umg;

take the head die Führung übernehmen;

take sth into one’s head sich etwas in den Kopf setzen;

talk one’s head off umg reden wie ein Wasserfall oder Buch;

talk sb’s head off umg jemandem ein Loch in den Bauch reden;

turn sb’s head jemandem den Kopf verdrehen; → bang¹ B 1, cloud A 1, knock B 1, roll B 1, swelled head, swollen head, top¹ A 1

hd abk

1. hand

2. head

* * *
1. noun
1) Kopf, der; Haupt, das (geh.)

mind your head! — Vorsicht, dein Kopf!; (on sign) Vorsicht - geringe Durchgangshöhe!

head first — mit dem Kopf zuerst/voran

head over heels — kopfüber

head over heels in love — bis über beide Ohren verliebt (ugs.)

keep one's head — einen klaren Kopf behalten

lose one's head — (fig.) den Kopf verlieren

be unable to make head or tail of something/somebody — aus etwas/jemandem nicht klug werden

2) (mind) Kopf, der

in one's head — im Kopf

enter somebody's head — jemandem in den Sinn kommen

two heads are better than one — (prov.) zwei Köpfe sind besser als einer

I've got a good/bad head for figures — ich kann gut rechnen/rechnen kann ich überhaupt nicht

use your head — gebrauch deinen Verstand

not quite right in the head — (coll.) nicht ganz richtig [im Kopf] (ugs.)

get something into one's head — etwas begreifen

have got it into one's head that... — fest [davon] überzeugt sein, dass...

the first thing that comes into somebody's head — das erste, was jemandem einfällt

3) (person)

a or per head — pro Kopf

4) pl. same (in counting) Stück [Vieh], das

5) in pl. (on coin)

heads or tails? — Kopf oder Zahl?

6) (working end etc.; also Mus.) Kopf, der

playback/erasing head — Wiedergabe-/Löschkopf, der

7) (on beer) Blume, die

8) (highest part) Kopf, der; (of stairs) oberes Ende; (of list, column) oberste Reihe

9) (upper or more important end) Kopf, der; (of bed) Kopfende, das

10) (leader) Leiter, der/Leiterin, die

head of government — Regierungschef, der/-chefin, die

head of state — Staatsoberhaupt, das

11) see headmaster; headmistress
2. attributive adjective
head waiter — Oberkellner, der

head office — Hauptverwaltung, die; (Commerc.) Hauptbüro, das
3. transitive verb
1) (provide with heading) überschreiben; betiteln

headed notepaper — Briefpapier mit Kopf

2) (stand at top of) anführen [Liste]; (lead) leiten; führen [Bewegung]

3) (direct)

we were headed towards Plymouth — wir fuhren mit Kurs auf Plymouth

4) (Footb.) köpfen

5) (overtake and stop)

head somebody/something [off] — jemanden/etwas abdrängen
4. intransitive verb
steuern

head for London — [Flugzeug, Schiff:] Kurs auf London nehmen; [Auto:] in Richtung London fahren

head towards or for somebody/the buffet — auf jemanden/das Buffet zusteuern

you're heading for trouble — du wirst Ärger bekommen

* * *

n.

Chef- präfix.

Haupt Häupter n.

Kopf ¨-e m. v.

an der Spitze stehen ausdr.

English-german dictionary > head
12 open

ˈəupən
1. прил.
1) а) открытый with open eyes ≈ с открытыми глазами;
перен. сознательно, учитывая все последствия an open door ≈ открытая дверь open sore tear open open boat б) распахнутый (об одежде), раскрытый( об устах) He stood there with his mouth wide open. ≈ Он стоял там, широко разинув рот. an open coat ≈ незастегнутое пальто
2) открытый, общедоступный;
незанятый open letter ≈ открытое письмо( в газете и т. п.) open market ≈ открытый рынок open port ≈ открытый порт open season ≈ сезон охоты или рыбной ловли
3) склонный( к чему-л.), подверженный( чему-л.) open to doubts ≈ подверженный сомнениям Syn: subject
2.
4) а) свободный, незанятый (о времени) Keep that hour open for me. ≈ Оставь, пожалуйста, этот час свободным для меня( для общения со мной). б) свободный (о пути) open water ≈ вода, очистившаяся от льда в) вакантный, свободный The job is still open. ≈ Это рабочее место все еще вакантно. Syn: vacant
5) незавершенный, нерешенный That problem remained open. ≈ Проблема так и осталась неразрешенной.
6) открытый, непересеченный (о местности)
7) а) щедрый;
гостеприимный Syn: generous б) отзывчивый, чуткий Syn: responsive в) открытый, откровенный;
искренний Syn: outspoken, frank II
8) мягкий;
рыхлый, пористый (о земле)
9) фон. открытый ( о качестве слога, звука) ∙ he is an open book ≈ его легко понять to force an open door ≈ ломиться в открытую дверь open champion open ice open verdict open door Open University
2. сущ.
1) а) отверстие, дырка;
скважина, щель Syn: aperture, opening
1. б) устье, дельта( реки)
2) а) (the open) открытое наземное пространство, перспектива б) открытые водные просторы;
открытое море
3) открытый турнир, соревнование, состязание
4) гласность, известность life in the open ≈ жизнь у всех на виду ∙ to come out into the open ≈ быть откровенным, не скрывать (своих взглядов и т. п.)
3. гл.
1) а) открывать(ся) ;
раскрывать(ся) to open a prospect ≈ открывать перспективу/будущее to open the mind ≈ расширить кругозор He opened his mind to his guardian. ≈ Он поделился своими мыслями с опекуном (наставником). б) перен. открывать пути (для совершения чего-л.), давать возможность (сделать что-л.)
2) а) расширяться, увеличиваться, развертывался прекрасный вид a beautiful vista opened before us ≈ перед нами развертывался б) раскрывать, разворачивать to open a book ≈ открыть книгу to open a letter ≈ развернуть, распечатать письмо Syn: widen, expand, unfold, unroll, extend
3) начинать(ся) to open the concert ≈ начинать концерт, открывать концерт Syn: begin
4) а) демонстрировать, показывать, открывать (напр., для обозрения публики и т.д.) Syn: reveal б) просвещать, осведомлять Syn: enlighten
5) основывать, открывать
6) высказываться( о чем-л.) Finally he opened freely on the subject. ≈ Наконец он открыто высказался по этому вопросу. Syn: speak out ∙ open into open on open out open up open ground открытое место, пространство турнир типа "опен" открытый воздух;
- he likes to sleep in * он любит спать на открытом воздухе известность, гласность;
- life in the * жизнь у всех на виду;
- the scandal is now out in the * эта скандальная история стала всеобщим достоянием (экономика) открытый рынок - to come into the * открыться, разотровенничаться;
- he came into the * about what had happened он выложил все о том, что произошло;
- why don't you come into the * about it? почему бы тебе не рассказать об этом откровенно? открытый, раскрытый;
- * window открытое окно;
- with * eyes с открытыми глазами;
- to throw the door * распахнуть дверь;
- to leave the window * оставить окно открытым;
- to tear a letter * распечатать письмо непересеченный, открытый;
- * country открытая местность открытый, свободный;
- * way свободный путь;
- * credit открытый кредит открытый, не имеющий верха;
- * motor car открытая машина;
- * boat беспалубное судно;
- dress * at the neck платье без ворота неприкрытьый;
- * drain открытая сточная труба;
- * drainage дренаж открытыми канавами неплотный;
имеющий полости, впадины раскрытый, развернутый;
- * plam раскрытая ладонь;
- * book открытая книга;
- * newpaper развернутая газета;
- with * wings с расправленными крыльями распустившийся (о цветах) ;
- * rose расцветшая роза незакрывающийся, незаживающий;
- * wound незаживающая рана открытый;
функционирующий;
- the shop is now * магазин;
- * from nine to five открыто с 9 до 5 свободный, доступный( для посещения) ;
неограниченный;
- * port открытый порт;
- * competition открытая конкуренция;
- * wood лес, открытый для въезда;
изреженный лес;
- * society общество с неограниченным приемом в члены;
- * trade свободная торговля;
- * town (американизм) (разговорное) "вольный" город;
- * to the public вход свободный;
открыто для всех;
- career * to talent сфера, где есть применение таланту;
- the race is * to boys under 15 в состязании могут принять участие мальчики в возрасте до 15 лет открытый, гласный;
- * ballot открытое голосование;
- in * court в открытом судебном заседании;
- with * doors при открытых дверях незанятый (о вакансии) ;
- * job вакансия;
- the post is still * место еще не занято непредубежденный, свободный;
- * mind непредубежденный ум;
- keep your mind *! старайся относиться непредвзято!;
- * to persuasion поддающийся убеждению нерешенный, неустановленный;
- * question нерешенный вопрос;
- * verdict установление факта совершения преступления в ходе предварительного слушания дела незакрытый, незавершенный;
незаконченный;
- * chances неиспользованные возможности;
- to keep one's accound * at a bank иметь открытый счет в банке;
- to be * to an offer быть согласным рассмотреть предложение;
не отвергать предложение;
- it is * to you to refuse вы можете отказаться открытый, незащищенный;
- * ground открытый грунт;
- * to infection не защищенный от инфекции;
- * to temptation легко поддающийся соблазну;
- * to doubt вызывающий сомнение;
- to lay oneself * to attack ставить себя под удар;
быть в опасности;
- the enemy has left this line of advance * враг оставил открытой эту линию наступления открытый, откровенный;
искренний;
- * countenance открытое лицо;
- * character открытая натура;
- a man of an * disposition человек открытого нрава;
- a very * manner естественная манера;
- to be * with smb. быть откровенным с кем-л;
- to be frank and * about smth. откровенно говорить о чем-л явный, всем известный, публичный;
- * quarrel публичная ссора;
- * enmity открытая вражда;
- * guilt очевидная вина;
- * war открытая война;
- * disregard of rules открытое несоблюдение правил;
- it's an * fact это известно всем теплый( без снега) ;
- winter теплая зима незамерзший;
- * lake незамерзшее озеро освободившийся от льда;
свободный для навигации;
- harbour is now * гавань теперь свободна для навигации (морское) свободный от тумана;
ясный (фонетика) открытый;
- * syllable открытый слог;
- * consonant спирант( техническое) выключенный;
- * circuit незамкнутый контур;
разомкнутая линия( военное) разомкнутый;
- * column разомкнутая колонна( музыкальное) открытый, пустой - * string открытая струна (полиграфия) контурный, нежирный ( о шрифте) ;
напечатанный в разрядку > * sore злоупотребление;
общественное зло;
> * time (военное) время, предназначенное для внепрограммных занятий;
резерв времени;
> with * eyes, with eyes * сознательно, понимая все последствия, отдавая себе полный отчет;
> to keep one's eyes * быть настороже, быть внимательным;
> to keep one's mouth * быть жадным;
> the floor is * кто еще хочет выступить?;
> with * hands щедро;
> with * arms тепло, радушно, с распростертыми объятиями;
> to force an * door ломиться в открытую дверь;
> * as the day искренний, откровенный, открытый открывать;
- to * a door открывать дверь;
- to * a prospect открывать перспективу;
- they *ed the road to traffic дорогу открыли для движения;
- to * one'sarms открывать объятия;
- the ship *ed the harbour с корабля стала видна гавань открываться;
- the window *ed окно отворилось;
- the wound *ed рана открылась раскрывать, разворачивать;
- to * one's hand разжимать руку;
- to * a parcel разворачивать сверток;
вскрывать посылку;
- to * the range увеличить прицел раскрываться, открываться;
- new vistas *ed before them перед ними открылись новые пути;
- my heart *s to your words ваши слова находят отклик в моем сердце;
- the mind of youth *s with each new experience молодой ум развивается с накоплением опыта распускаться, расцветать;
- the buds are *ing in the sun почки лопаются на солнце;
- I'd like some roses that are not too far *ed дайте мне несколько полураспустившихся роз раздвигаться, размыкаться;
расширяться;
- the ranks *ed ряды разомкнулись вскрывать;
- to * an abscess вскрывать нарыв;
- to * ground вспахивать землю;
- to * the bowels очистить желудок слабительным вскрываться;
очищаться, - how many times did your bowels *? сколько раз у вас действовал желудок? прокладывать, пробивать;
- to * a mine заложить шахту;
- to a * new road through a forest проложить новую дорогу через лес открывать, начинать работу;
- to * the debate открывать прения;
- to * a compaing for smth. развернуть кампанию за что-л;
- to * fire (военное) открывать огонь;
- to * an attack (военное) начать наступление открывать сезон;
- the producer wanted to * with a new play early in September режиссер хотел открыть сезон премьерой в первых числах сентября открываться, начинаться;
- the shop doesn't * until eleven магазин открывается только в 11 часов;
- when does the school * again? когда возобновляются занятия в школе? - Congress *s tomorrow конгресс начинает свою работу завтра;
- the film *s with a hunting-scene фильм начинается сценой охоты состояться, быть представленной в первый раз;
- the play *ed on January 31 премьера состоялась 31 января появляться впервые в новом сезоне (об актере) ;
- J. G. recently *ed in "King Lear" Дж. Г. начал новый сезон в "Короле Лире" делать первую ставку;
- to * bidding предложить начальную цену открывать, делать общедоступным;
основывать;
- to * new park открывать новый парк раскрывать, разоблачать;
поведать;
- the spy *ed our plans to the enemy шпион предал наши плану врагу простираться;
- the road * ahead дорога простирается далеко вперед выходить на;
вести в;
- two rooms *ing into each other смежные комнаты;
- the door *ed on a courtyard дверь выходила во двор;
- what do the windows * onto? куда выходят окна? (коммерческое) освободить от ограничений (техническое) разомкнуть (ток) ;
отключить, выключить (охота) взять след > to * one's eyes удивляться, изумляться;
> to * the eyes of smb. to smth. открыть кому-л глаза на что-л;
разуверить кого-л в чем-л;
> to * ground подготавливать почву, начинать действовать;
> to * one's heart раскрывать душу;
разоткровенничаться;
> to * the ball начинать действовать, брать на себя инициативу;
> to * the door to smth. открыть путь чему-л, сделать возможным что-л an ~ countenance открытое лицо;
to be open (with smb.) быть откровенным (с кем-л.) an ~ house открытый дом;
an open hand щедрая рука an ~ house открытый дом;
an open hand щедрая рука ~ открытый, доступный;
незанятый;
an open port открытый порт an ~ countenance открытое лицо;
to be open (with smb.) быть откровенным (с кем-л.) to be ~ (to smth.) поддаваться( чему-л.), быть восприимчивым (к чему-л.) ;
open season сезон охоты to come out into the ~ быть откровенным, не скрывать (своих взглядов и т. п.) to force an ~ door ломиться в открытую дверь ~ фон. открытый (о слоге, звуке) ;
he is an open book его легко понять ~ (the ~) открытое пространство или перспектива;
открытое море;
in the open на открытом воздухе ~ открытый;
open sore открытая рана;
язва;
in the open air на открытом воздухе ~ a file вчт. открывать файл to ~ a prospect открывать перспективу (или будущее) ;
to open the door (to smth.) перен. открыть путь (чему-л.) ;
сделать (что-л.) возможным ~ открывать, основывать;
to open a shop открыть магазин;
to open an account открыть счет( в банке) ~ открывать(ся) ;
раскрывать(ся) ;
to open an abscess вскрывать нарыв;
to open the bowels очистить кишечник with ~ eyes с открытыми глазами;
перен. сознательно, учитывая все последствия;
open boat беспалубное судно ~ champion победитель в открытом состязании;
open ice лед, не мешающий навигации ~ открытый, откровенный;
искренний;
open contempt явное презрение ~ weather( winter) мягкая погода( зима) ;
the open door эк. политика открытых дверей ~ открытый, непересеченный (о местности) ;
open field открытое поле;
open space незагороженное место to ~ ground вспахивать или вскапывать землю to ~ ground подготавливать почву;
начинать действовать ~ champion победитель в открытом состязании;
open ice лед, не мешающий навигации ~ into сообщаться с (о комнатах) ;
вести в (о двери) ;
open on выходить, открываться на;
open out развертывать(ся) ;
раскрывать(ся) ~ into сообщаться с (о комнатах) ;
вести в (о двери) ;
open on выходить, открываться на;
open out развертывать(ся) ;
раскрывать(ся) to ~ the mind расширить кругозор;
to open one's mind (или heart) (to smb.) поделиться своими мыслями (с кем-л.) ~ into сообщаться с (о комнатах) ;
вести в (о двери) ;
open on выходить, открываться на;
open out развертывать(ся) ;
раскрывать(ся) to ~ out one's arms открывать объятия;
to open out the wings расправлять крылья to ~ out one's arms открывать объятия;
to open out the wings расправлять крылья ~ нерешенный, незавершенный;
open question открытый вопрос to be ~ (to smth.) поддаваться (чему-л.), быть восприимчивым (к чему-л.) ;
open season сезон охоты ~ открытый;
open sore открытая рана;
язва;
in the open air на открытом воздухе ~ открытый, непересеченный (о местности) ;
open field открытое поле;
open space незагороженное место space: open ~ открытое пространство open ~ открытый космос open ~ свободная площадь ~ открывать(ся) ;
раскрывать(ся) ;
to open an abscess вскрывать нарыв;
to open the bowels очистить кишечник to ~ the debate открыть прения;
the story opens with a wedding рассказ начинается с описания свадьбы to ~ a prospect открывать перспективу (или будущее) ;
to open the door (to smth.) перен. открыть путь (чему-л.) ;
сделать (что-л.) возможным to ~ the mind расширить кругозор;
to open one's mind (или heart) (to smb.) поделиться своими мыслями (с кем-л.) ~ to inspection by public открытый для общественного контроля ~ to public открытый для общественности ~ to public inspection открытый для общественного контроля the Open University заочный университет (основанный в Лондоне в 1971 г., в котором обучение проводится с помощью специальных радио и телевизионных программ) university: open ~ открытый университет ~ up разоткровенничаться ~ up сделать(ся) доступным;
раскрывать(ся) ;
обнаруживаться;
to open up relations устанавливать отношения;
to open up opportunities предоставлять возможности ~ up сделать(ся) доступным;
раскрывать(ся) ;
обнаруживаться;
to open up relations устанавливать отношения;
to open up opportunities предоставлять возможности ~ up сделать(ся) доступным;
раскрывать(ся) ;
обнаруживаться;
to open up relations устанавливать отношения;
to open up opportunities предоставлять возможности ~ verdict юр. признание наличия преступления без установления преступника ~ свободный (о пути) ;
open water вода, очистившаяся от льда ~ weather (winter) мягкая погода( зима) ;
the open door эк. политика открытых дверей ~ market вольный рынок;
the post is still open место еще не занято remain ~ вчт. оставаться в открытом виде to ~ the debate открыть прения;
the story opens with a wedding рассказ начинается с описания свадьбы to break( или to throw) ~ распахнуть (дверь, окно) ;
to tear open распечатывать( письмо, пакет) trial in ~ court открытый судебный процесс;
open letter открытое письмо (в газете и т. п.) ~ щедрый;
гостеприимный;
to welcome with open arms встречать с распростертыми объятиями with ~ eyes с открытыми глазами;
перен. сознательно, учитывая все последствия;
open boat беспалубное судно

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > open

См. также в других словарях:

far and wide — adverb over great areas or distances; everywhere he traveled far and wide the news spread far and wide people came from far and near searched for the child far and near • Syn: ↑far and near * * * adverb see … Useful english dictionary
far and wide — 1. many places. People came from far and wide to see the parade. 2. across a large area. They searched far and wide for the missing dog … New idioms dictionary
far and near — adverb over great areas or distances; everywhere he traveled far and wide the news spread far and wide people came from far and near searched for the child far and near • Syn: ↑far and wide * * * EVERYWHERE, here, there, and everywhere, all over… … Useful english dictionary
far — [ far ] (comparative far|ther [ farðər ] or fur|ther [ fɜrðər ] ; superlative far|thest [ farðəst ] or fur|thest [ fɜrðəst ] ) adjective, adverb *** Far can be used in the following ways: as an adverb: Have you traveled far today? after the verb… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
far — [[t]fɑ͟ː(r)[/t]] ♦ (Far has two comparatives, farther and further, and two superlatives, farthest and furthest. Farther and farthest are used mainly in sense 1, and are dealt with here. Further and furthest are dealt with in separate entries … English dictionary
far — far1 W1S1 [fa: US fa:r] adv comparative farther [ˈfa:ðə US ˈfa:rðər] or further [ˈfə:ðə US ˈfə:rðər] superlative farthest [ˈfa:ðıst US ˈfa:r ] or furthest [ˈfə:ðıst US ˈfə:r ] ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(distance)¦ 2¦(a lot/very much)¦ 3¦(progress)¦ 4¦ … Dictionary of contemporary English
Ostfriesen and Alt-Oldenburger — 1898 lithograph depicting an Ostfriesen Distinguishing features Heavy warmblood type of all purpose breed, suitable for leisure riding and driving. Typically black, dark bay, or brown, with easy going temperaments. Country of origin Germany … Wikipedia
From the beginnings to Avicenna — Jean Jolivet INTRODUCTION Arabic philosophy began at the turn of the second and third centuries of the Hegira, roughly the ninth and tenth centuries AD. The place and the time are important. It was in 133/750 that the ‘Abbāssid dynasty came to… … History of philosophy
HISTORICAL SURVEY: THE STATE AND ITS ANTECEDENTS (1880–2006) — Introduction It took the new Jewish nation about 70 years to emerge as the State of Israel. The immediate stimulus that initiated the modern return to Zion was the disappointment, in the last quarter of the 19th century, of the expectation that… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Mathematics and Physical Sciences — ▪ 2003 Introduction Mathematics Mathematics in 2002 was marked by two discoveries in number theory. The first may have practical implications; the second satisfied a 150 year old curiosity. Computer scientist Manindra Agrawal of the… … Universalium
Agriculture and Food Supplies — ▪ 2007 Introduction Bird flu reached Europe and Africa, and concerns over BSE continued to disrupt trade in beef. An international vault for seeds was under construction on an Arctic island. Stocks of important food fish species were reported… … Universalium

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на все языки

they came from far and wide

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на все языки

they came from far and wide

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: